68Notes: (1) W. Irvine, Later Moghuls, reprint, New Delhi, 1971, particularly the sections where he assesses the characters of the emperors and nobles. Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, I, Calcutta, 1938; 3rd edn, Calcutta, 1964; and his History of Aurangzeb, I–V, Calcutta, 1912, 1916, 1919 and 1924, in particular III and V.

(2) Like, Rajputan, Jatan, Gujaran, Afghanan, Rohilaha, or Zamindaran-omufsidan-i Katehar or Fitna-pazohan-i Baiswara or Shaikh-zadagan-i Lakhnau and so on and so forth. The Sikhs, however, are identified as such or as ‘the worshippers of Nanak’ or ‘the followers of Guru’.

(3) See, for example, S. R. Sharma, The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, Oxford, 1940; 2nd edn, Bombay, 1962; Ishwari Prasad, The Mughal Empire, Allahabad, 1974, pp. 584–608; Jagdish Narayan Sarkar, A Study of Eighteenth Century India, Calcutta, Saraswati Library, 1976, pp. 173–392.

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69Introduction

(4) For a discussion of this aspect, see Romila Thapar, et al., Communalism and the Writing of Indian History, New Delhi, 2nd edn, 1977; Bipan Chandra, Communalism in Modern India, New Delhi, 1984, pp. 209–36; Romila Thapar, Irfan Habib and P. S. Gupta, Symposium on ‘The Contributions of Indian Historians to the Process of National Integration’, PIHC, 24th Session, 1961, Delhi, pp. 345–61.

(5) Aligarh, 1959; 2nd and 3rd edns, New Delhi, 1972 and 1979.

(6) Satish Chandra, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740, Introduction and concluding remarks.

(7) Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India, Bombay, 1963, pp. 317– 51.

(8) Irfan Habib, ‘Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India’, Enquiry, New Series, III, 3, Winter 1971, pp. 1–56.

(9) M. Athar Ali, The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb, Bombay, 1966, reprint, 1970.

(10) Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXXV, No. 2, February, 1976, pp. 221–63.

(11) See also his book, Mughal Administration in Golconda, Oxford, 1975, pp. 135–214 and 306–16.

(12) Satish Chandra, Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis and the Village, Delhi, 1982, pp. 61–75.

(13) Karen Leonard, ‘The “Great Firm” Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 21, No. 2, April, 1979, pp. 161–7.

(14) Philip C. Calkins, ‘The Formation of a Regionally Oriented Ruling Group in Bengal’, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXIX, No. 4, August, 1970, pp. 799–806.

(15) M. N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat, California, 1976; see also his article, ‘Political Participation in Mughal India’, IESHR, Vol. IX, No. 2, June 1972, pp. 113–31.

(16) Cantwell Smith, ‘Lower Class Uprisings in Mughal Empire’, Islamic Culture, 1946, pp. 21–40; K. M. Ashraf, ‘Presidential Address to the Medieval Indian Section’, PIHC, 23rd Session, Aligarh, 1960, pp. 143–52; Irfan Habib, Agrarian System, pp. 317–51; M. Athar Ali, ‘The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 385–96.

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70Introduction

(17) Besides Hermann Goetz’s ‘The Crisis of Indian Civilization in the Eighteenth Century’ (Calcutta University Lecture Series, reprint 1938), in recent years there have been some serious and comprehensive studies of different parts of India casting grave doubts about the validity of an unqualified ‘crisis’ and ‘bleakcentury’ perspective. See, for example, C. A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge, 1983; Richard B. Barnett, North India between Empires, Awadh, the Mughals and the British, 1720–1801, Berkeley, 1980; Andre Wink, ‘Land and Sovereignty in India under the 18th Century Maratha Swarajya’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leiden, 1984.

(18) In North India between Empires, Richard B. Barnett, raises the questions relating to the governor’s bid to control the provincial finance in his Introduction; but he sums up ‘the developments of autonomous political goals’ of Burhan-ul-Mulk and Safdar Jang in Chapter I without considering their antecedents.

(19) See Chapter 1, n. 56.

(20) Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, I, pp. 1–25.

(21) Z. U. Malik, Reign of Muhammad Shah, Bombay, 1977, pp. 182–9.

(22) Satish Chandra, Parties and Politics, p. xviii.

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