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The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India:
Awadh and Punjab, 1707-48
Muzaffar Alam Print publication date: 2013 Print ISBN-13: 9780198077411 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: May 2013
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077411.001.0001
(p.353) Index
Abdālī, Aḥmad Shāh, lvi, 203, 237 n, 289, 298 ‘Abd-ul-Ghafūr, accumulates wealth unlawfully, xxxii, 47 ‘Abd-ul-Jabbār Beg, 200 n ‘Abd-ul-Jalīl Bilgrāmī, Mīr, 231&n ‘Abd-ul-Mājid Khān, 267 n, 276, 289 n ‘Abd-ul-Malik, 201 n ‘Abd-un-Nabī Bārha, 87 n ‘Abd-un-Nabī Khān, 230 ‘Abd-ul-Qādir Gīlānī, 39 ‘Abd-ur-Raḥīm, Mirzā, xxvi, 255 n ‘Abd-ur-Rasul Khān, 65 n ‘Abd-uṣ-Ṣamad Khān, xxx, 295 n; governorship of the Punjab, court politics & local problems, li, 82–91, 189–90, 194,
290, 298, 310 313; & areas around the Punjab, 291–94, 296; campaigns against the Sikhs, 82, 149, 171, 172;
tries to reconcile the Sikhs, 179, 183 Abhai Singh, 261 Abul Barakāt Khān, 236 n, 293&n Abul Faẓl, xlv, 18 n; on the position of the governor; 58; revenue figures in his A’īn, 255 Abū Muḥammad Khān, 158 Abū Naṣr Khān, governor of Awadh, 61 n Abū Sa‘īd Khān, 192 n Achal Singh (a Baiswara zamīndār), 216&n, 217 n, 219 Ādīna Beg, 180, 181, 182, 189 Afghāns, xxvi, xxixn, xxxiii, lviii–lix, 13;
in favour with ʻAz̤īm-ush-Shān, 23, 34; of Awadh, 23, 65, 69, 96, 121, 229–34, 236–9, 244&n, 260, 264, 265; 266–8, 279;
revolts in Awadh, 98&n, 99, 102, 108;
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of the Punjab, 84, 88, 150&n, 161, 199, 203;
of Farrukhabad, 56, 121, 265, 266–8, ; of the Moradabad-Bareilly region, 221, 249;
of north-west frontier, 144, 185, 296; of Malwa, 248 Afghanistan, 16 Africa, 5 Afẓal Khān & politics at the court, 66 n Afẓal Khān, chela of the Bangash chief, 267 n Āghar Khān, 82 Agra, city, xlvi, 12, 34, 78 n, 248, 249, 271, 303;
treasury at the fort of, 38 n, 42 n, 48 n, 230, 231 (p.354) Agra, province, 34, 66 n, 68 n, 102&n, 142, 157, 240, 264, 265&n, 266 n, 299, 316; Burhān-ul-Mulk’s interest in, 273, 274, 305 aḥadīs, 47 Ahmedabad, city, 42 n Ahraura, in the Benaras region, 253 Ahrora, village in Baiswara, 121 a’imma, (revenue grant; lit. religious leaders), 119, 222, 292 a’immadārs (a’imma holders), see madad-i ma‘āsh holders Ajgain, 102, 103&n Ajit Singh, raja of Jodhpur, xlix, 23 n, 39, 45&n, 66, 82 n, 88, 155 n, 163, 164&n Ajmer, 39, 50 n, 171 n, 221 n, 248 n, 290 Ajuwal, 149 Akbar, xxn, xxv, xli, xlvii, l, li, lxi, 19 n, 24, 30, 31, 109, 117, 145;
the imperial principle evolved under, 18–19;
& the chieftains, 163 ‘Ālam ‘Alī Khān, 229 ‘Alavī Khān, 229 Aligarh, 3, 4 ‘Alī AḥmadKhān, Kokī Jio’s brother, 47, 50 ‘Alī Aṣghar Khān, Kokī Jio’s brother, 47 ‘Ali Ḥāmid Khān, Kokī Jio’s brother, 47 ‘Alī Mardān Khān, 34 n, 80 n ‘Alī Qulī Khān, governor of Awadh, 61 n ‘Alī Virdī Khān, governor of Bengal, 54 Allahabad, city, 33 n, 34, 42 n, 44, 54, 71, 229, 263, 276 n Allahabad, province, 12, 60, 67, 68, 105, 111, 122, 131, 221, 222 n, 227, 230, 250, 257&n, 260, 262, 263, 265 n, 266, 285, 286&n, 288, 289&n, 290, 303, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317 Alt̤āf Khān, 87 n āl-tamghā (a land revenue assignment in perpetuity), 127 Amar Singh, a zamīndar of Baiswara, 97&n, 215 n Ambala, 156, 237 n, 289 n Amer, 23 n, 155 Amethi, 74 n, 101, 223 n, 226, 235 ‘āmil (revenue collector), 43 n, 49, 148, 156, 163, 192 n, 195&n, 196 n, 197 n, 199, 200, 226, 255 n
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‘āmil (jāgīrdār’s agent), 88 n, 133, 186–7, 194, 207–12 amīn (revenue assessor) of pāibāqī, 133, 194, 195 amīn-o-faujdār, 196&n, Amīn Khān, replaced Saiyid ‘Abd-ullāh as wazīr, 46, 82;
governor of Awadh under Bahādur Shāh, 61 n, 64, 65&n, 111;
reappointed by Farrukh. Siyar, but declines to take charge, 70&n;
manṣab, position & court politics, 64&n, 70–71 n, 83, 84 n, 85 n, 87, 91, 231, 233,
246; governor of Thatta, 88; leads campaigns against the Sikhs, 161 Amīr Khān, late governor of Kabul, 85 n, 87 n Amīr Khān, ṣafdar Jang’s ally at the court, & governor of Allahabad, 54, 270 n, 276, 284, 285–9, 293, 299; his jāgīrs in, 211, 268 n, 270&n Amjhara, the battle of, 67 n Amritsar, 144–5, 180–2 Ānand Dev, raja of Jasrota, 188, 189 n Anandpur, 145 Ānand Rām Brahman, dīwān of Awadh, 66&n, 67 n Anirudh Singh, raja of Bhadawar, 273, 274 Anola, 55, 56, 131, 249 (p.355) Anṣārīs, 108 Antrit Singh, a Chandela chief, 265 Anwar-ud-Dīn Khān, 128, 131 ‘Aqīdat Khān, 87 n Araha, 224 n Arail, sarkār, 227 ‘āriyat, madad-i ma‘āsh on, 117, 225 army, xli, 35, 37, 50, 82 n, 193, 196, 198, 210, 217 n, 219&n, 220 n;
problems of, l, lv, 28–9, 47, 52, 83 n, 89, 92;
attempts to reorganize at the centre, 53–4;
in the province, 79, 97, 98 n, 101, 134, 138–9, 141, 147–51, 154, 157, 161, 171; Arol, 122 artisans, lvii; their reaction to the local uprisings, 9, 111, 153, 154;
plundered by local rebels, 104, 153; & the Mughal system, 307, 309 ‘arẓdāsht, 30, 237, 292 Asad Khān, 21, 61 n; as governor of the Punjab, 76, 78–9, 81–2, 91, 165 n Asad Yār Khān, 54, 287 Āāṣaf Khān, 61 n Āṣaf-ud-Daulah, 119 n Ashraf Khān, 87 n Ashraf, K. M., 9 Asia, 5 Ath̤ar Ali, M., lx, 4, 9 Ath̤ar Khān, 80 n Āātmā Rām, dīwān of Burhān-ul-Mulk in Awadh, 90 n, 175, 240, 242&n
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Attock, 143, 193, 202, 203 Aurangabad, in the Deccan, 279 n Aurangabad, in the Punjab, 200 n, 297 Aurangpur, 179 Aurangzeb, xiv, xix, xxv, xxvi, xxxiii, xxxv–xxxviii, xl, liv–lv, lxi, 20, 60 n, 64&n, 72, 80 n, 125&n, 133, 135, 145–6, 155&n, 167, 173 n, 210 n, 213 n, 223 n, 226&n, 227, 250–1, 252; and Hindūs & Muslims, 2, 119 n, 125, 167, 168, 183;
& zamīndārs, 97, 101, 121, 125–6; & the Sikhs, 137–8 Awadh, province, xxxvi, xxxix, 10–17, 22 n, 23, 42–3, 75, 79, 90 n, 191, 202, 245, 292, 305; governors of, 53, 55–6, 57–8, 59–65, 111, 112, 178, 190, 204–5, 298, 302–3;
dīwāns of, 61, 67–9, 71, 175, 240; administration & Shaikhzādas, 7, 65–6, 75, 223&n, 224, 228–9, 231–9, 243–4, 314–
15; & the Afghāns, 23, 65, 69, 96, 121, 229–34, 236–9, 244&n, 260, 264, 265, 266–8,
279; the Hindūs, 239–40, 244; zamīndār castes of, 137, 138–9, 141–9, 150, 151, 153–4;
zamīndār uprisings in, 13, 34, 36, 96–112, 203, 305–6, 308;
arrangement with the zamīndār in, 214–20, 246, 316;
madad-i maIJāsh & its problems in, 112–20, 206, 211, 221–6, 234, 236, 238 n, 240,
243, 304; problems of administration in, 110–12, 126–35, 221–6, 228, 233–4; 302–4;
revenues of, 13, 15, 72–3, 75&n, 98, 100, 105–7, 109–10&n, 113–20, 253–6;
faujdārīs in, 212–14; Afghāns in & around, 23, 65, 69, 96, 121, 229–34, 236–9, 244 n, 260, 264, 265, 266–
8, 279; areas annexed to, 260, 263–5, 270; soil condition, 256 Awadh, sarkār, 74 n, 98, 212; jama‘dāmī of, 105 Awadh (Ayodhya), town, 74 n Awāns of the Punjab, 186 a ‘yān (notable) Khatrīs mentioned as, 8, 173, 175 Āzād Bilgrāmī, Ghulām ‘Alī, xlvi, 22 n, 237, 238, 315 (p.356) Aʻz̤am, Prince Muḥammad, 21 Azamabad Talawri, 192 Aʻz̤am ‘Alī Khān, 284 n Azamgarh, developments in, 250–1, 316 Aʻz̤am Khān, 54, 88 Aʻz̤am Khān, founder of Azamgarh, 251, 284 Aʻz̤īmullāh Khān, 180, 248, 262 n, 298 Aʻz̤īm-ush-Shān Prince, xxvi–xxvii, 29 n, 60 n, 63 n, 79 n, 82 n, 194 n, 227 n;
dominated the court of Bahādur Shāh, 22–3, 73 n, 78;
and the Indian Shaikhzādas, 22, 227; & the Afghāns, 229
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‘Azīz Khān Chaghtā, his governorship of Awadh & position, 69&n, 73, 99, 128, 213, 234, 260 n Azmatgarh, 251 ʻAz̤mat Khān, founder of Azmatgarh, 251 ‘Azz-ud-Dīn, Prince, 66 n Bābar Afghān, a rebel in Agra province, 264 Bābū Ḥusain Khān, 251 Bābū Irādat Khān, 251 Bābū Jahān Khān, 251 Bābū Jahāngīr Khān, 251 Bābur, on sih-bandī, 37 n; & the madad-i ma‘āsh, 117 Bachhrawan, 215 n Badan Singh, the Jāl chief, jāgīr in Awadh, 210 Badaon, 256 badraqa, (an escort), 180 Badr-ud-Dīn Khān, 268 n, 285 n Baghelas, 310 Bahādur Shāh, xxvi, xxx, xxxvi, xxxvii, 29 n, 65, 79, 81, 84 n, 91, 114, 132 n, 164 n, 173 n, 228; problems of the nobility under, 21–3, 26, 28&n, 31, 59–61, 63–3, 65, 91;
& Rājpūt chiefs, 23 n, 28 n, 163; his discriminatory orders against Hindū officials, 28, 167;
regulates jāgir & manṣab system, 30, 192, 196 n;
position of the governors under, 57, 59–61, 61 n, 63, 79–80, 81, 146 n, 295;
& the Sikh question, 137, 138, 139, 141, 157–9, 163–5;
& the Himalayan chiefs, 158–9, 163, 165, 168;
dissociates from Aurangzeb’s policies, xxxviii, 30, 167;
the Khatrīs under, 171–2 Baharwal, 182 n Bahawalpur, 144 Bahlolpur, 141, 154, 190, 194, 204&n Bahraich, sarkār, pargana, 74 n, 131; faujdārs, of, 61, 64 n, 66, 115, 212, 213 n, 235 n;
jama‘dāmī of, 105; madad-i ma‘āsh holders in, 113&n, 114, 120, 123&n, 124, 213 n;
zamīndārs of, 124, 216, 220 n Bahramand Khān, 78 n Baiduri, 113 n bairāgīs & sanyāsīs & the Sikhs, 156&n Bais (Rājpūt caste), 97, 100–3, 105, 108, 124, 125, 215&n, 216&n, 219 Baiswara, 68, 102 n, 109, 315; problems of administration in, 72, 75; zamīndār revolts in, 96–7, 100, 101, 120;
developments in, 103, 105, 107; revenue arrangements in, 214–16, 218, 219;
faujdārī in, 121, 125, 212, 233 baiẓ, 197 Bājī Rāo, 274, 275 n, 277 n
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Bajpaipur, 97 n, 215 n Bajwara, 148, 153, 197 bakhshī (a paymaster, an adjutant), 29&n, 46 n, 47, 50, 58, 70 n, 87, 130 n, 132 n, 170 n, 194 n (p.357) bakhshī waqā’i‘nigār, 79&n, 87 n, 199, 231 n Bakhtmal, a Khatrī dīwān, 172 Bakht Singh, a Sikh sardār, 163 Bālājī Rāo, the Marātha general, 275 n, 276 n, 277&n, 278 Balbhadra Singh, zamīndār of Tiloi, 122, 219&n Balehra, 236 n Balhur, 267 n Baliaman, 95 Balkh, 299 Ballabh Rām, 241 Balwant Singh, raja of Benaras, 253, 254, 285, 286&n, 288 Banda Bahādur, 83, 169, 186, 188, 205; leads Sikh uprisings, 136, 137 n, 138–9, 141, 148–9, 166, 167 n, 169–72, 177, 183;
gets support from, 141–2, 147, 158–9, 161, 163–4, 167;
raids against, 148, 205, 318; opposed by, 149–57, 171, 177; executed, 177–9, 186, 203, 318 Bandai Khalsa, 177 Bandha, a zamīndār in Gorakhpur, 101 Bangar Mau, 74 n, 207 n Bangash Afghans, 121, 236, 237, 238&n, 249;
& the governor of Awadh, 266–8, 279; & the Rohillās, 234, 266&n, 267, 271 n Bangash, Muḥammad Khān, 39 n, 121, 228, 232, 262&n;
his jāgīrs in, 207 n, 211, 257, 260 n, 267 n;
& the madad-i ma‘āsh holders, 222 n, 224&n, 234;
& governors of Awadh, 257, 260, 261, 266&n, 267&n, 277, 310;
his allies & enemies, 260&n, 272; his chelās, 267 n banjāras, (roving bands of grain merchants), unlawful exaction from, 26 n;
& the Sikhs, 154, 164–5, 169 n, 171; in Awadh & Bihar, 249–50 Banwārī Lāl, 217 Banwaripur alias Matun, 217 n Banyanhari, 113 n Baqā’ullāh Khān, 289&n Bara. in Qanauj, 267 barchhī, 153 Bareilly, 12, 71 n, 103, 134, 169, 170, 221, 237 n, 249, 264, 269 n, 312;
in ijāra, 221&n; revenues of, 255, 256 Bari Doab, 139, 141, 142, 171, 180, 186, 187&n Barnett, Richard, 10, 40 n Basant Rām, 173 Basoli, 225 n
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Baswarhi, 215 n Batala, 139 n, 153&n, 168, 183, 186, 200 n Bawan, 128 Bayly, C. A., on towns in Baiswara, 10 n, 105–6, 144 n, 253 n, 254 n, 257 n; bazaars in Bhadohi, xviii, xix, 240; 252, 316 Beas, 84 n, 139, 187 n Behra, 74 n be-jāgīrī, 7 Belowal, 161 Benaras, city, 12, 34, 41 n, 42, 55, 56, 71&n, 72 n, 103, 156, 221, 252, 253&n, 254&n, 262, 264, 275 n, 276 n, 277–8, 316 Benaras rāj, 250, 263, 264, 308 317; revenues of, 253–4 Benaras, sarkār 71 n, 132, 134, 222 n, 235 n, 249, 250, 252 n, 255&n;
in ijāra, 221 n, 285, 286&n; revenues of, 253, 254, 255; zamīndārs, 263, 265 Bengal, lii, 8, 34&n, 47, 48 n, 53, 54, 59&n, 60 n, 73&n, 74 n, 80 n, 86, 90 n, 194 n, 237 n, 242, 256, 261, (p.358) 263, 276 n, 283, 287, 311;
treasury of, 53, 71, 264, 269, 275 n, 311 beopārīs (a trader, a pedlar), 153 Beth Jalandhar, faujdārs of, 76, 78 n, 79 n, 80 n, 84&n, 86, 92, 150, 154, 162, 192 n, 319;
uprisings & zamīndārs of, 83, 138, 141, 142, 150&n, 153, 154, 161, 162, 167 n, 168,
187, 203; developments in, 143, 228, 319 Bhadohi, rise & growth, 250, 252, 316 Bhāg Singh Ahluwālia, 180 Bhagwān Singh, 163 Bhagwant Udārū, a rebel zamīndār of sarkār Kora, 262&n, 264, 273 n, 317 Bhaiya Madan Mohan, 241 Bhāle Sult̤āns, 215 n Bhakkar, roads through, 143; mint at, 145; revenues of, 145; 231 n Bhau, pargana in jammu, 189 Bharatpur, 219 Bharwara (?), 74 n Bhaṭṭīs, a Rajput caste of the Punjab & Multan, 141, 167 n, 187, 203, 204 Bhika, 97 Bhīkam Rāi, 220 n Bhilsa, the Bangash chief’s jagirs in, 211 Bhīm Chand, rāja of Kahlur, 157 Bhira, 200 n Bhogaon, 209 Bhojpur, the Bangash chief’s jāgīrs in, 131 Bhūmihār, 308 Bhūp Prakāsh, raja of Srinagar Garhwal, 158, 159, 169 bīgha, 113&n, 123 n, 131 Bihar, 48 n, 84 n, 101, 132, 215 n, 227, 231, 249, 264, 265 n, 276 n, 277
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Bijapur, 1, 63, 279 n Bijay Singh of Amer, 23 n Bijnaur, in Baiswara, 97 Bikramājīt Singh, the Gautam Rājpūt chief in pargana Nizamabad, 250–1 Bilaspur, chief of, 137&n, 158; Sikh thāna at, 161 Bilaur, chief of, 158 n, 159, 161, 164 Bilgram, xlvi, 22, 65 n, 105, 208 n, 209, 212, 220 n, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 235 n, 236; madad-i ma‘āsh holders of, 114, 116, 123 n, 222, 223&n, 234 Biloch chiefs, 146&n Bilochistan, Multan province extended to, 146 Bilwan, 215 n, 219 n Bindki, road through, 71, 102, 103, 263, 311–12 birādrī (kinsmen), 230, 235 n 242; manṣabdār, 123, 128–9 Bīrūn-i Panjnad, 74 n Bisens, a Rajput caste of Awadh, 108, 124, 216 Bishwanath, a Khatrī mustaufī, 173 Bithur, road to, 102 Boria/Buriya, Sikh raid of, 141 n Brahmā-Gaur, 218 n Brahmans, 96, 108, 113 n, 155, 238–9, 277 Brij Rāj, 158 British, 312 British portrayal of the eighteenth century, 9–10 Budhā Dal, 180, 181 n Bukhara, 299&n; trade links with, 144 Bundela chief, 260, 265, 279–80&n Bundelas, 2, 131, 228, 232, 260&n, 261, 264, 265, 272;
their allies & the governors of Awadh, 261, 262 n, 310 Bundelkhand, 131, 227, 260 n, 262, 273 n, Burhān-ul-Mulk, Sa‘ādat Khān, 68, 71 n, 98, 100, 107, 110 n, 111, 116, 126, 132, 190, 228, 240, 254, 280, 282, 284 n, 285, 286 n, 287, 305, 316–17;
(p.359) & Persian invasion, 52, 280–82&n; 283&n;
appointed governor of Awadh, 206; regulates jāgīr administration, 207–12, 242, 313–14;
reduces the outside interference in Awadh, 211;
makes arrangements with the zamīndārs, 214–21;
& the madad-i ma‘āsh holders, 221–6, 315;
encourages local elements in army & administration, 228, 232–6&n, 238–44, 314;
reorganized Awadh government, 242–4; & the court, 234, 246–9, 261, 280–1, 290, 310, 311, 313;
& the Afghāns, 260, 264, 265, 266; & the Marāṭhās, 272–5; & the Bundelas, 260&n, 262 n, 264, 265; & the areas around Awadh, 254, 257, 263–4, 266, 272;
& the Chandelas, 265
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Burhanpur, 45 n, 230 Buxar, East-India Company’s victory at, 216 n, 257;
road through, 312 Calcutta, trade of, 42 n, 257 Calkins, Philip, on regional ruling group, 8, 73 n, 244 n Central Asia, the Punjab’s links with, 12, 81, 136, 143, 144, 299 n, 306, 318 Central Asian Khanates, land route to, 183 chabūtra-i kotwālī (office of the kotwāl), 199 Chachendi, 262 n, 265 Chaghtāi nobles, 19, 31 Chait Rāi, a Baiswara zamīndār, 214 n, 216 Chait Singh, raja of Benaras, 252 chaklā, 34 n; in our regions, 139, 169 n, 172, 194, 198, 200 n, 212, 251, 264, 271 chaklādār (superintendent or farmer of a chaklā), 220 n Chamba, 158 n Chambal, 278 n Chanaut, 80 n Chandandurg, 196 Chandelas, a Rajput clan, 108, 125; & Burhan-ul-Mulk, 265&n, 266 n 273 n Chandra, Satish, his explanation of the decline of the Mughal empire, 3, 4, 7, 20 Chandra Sen, Raja, 218 n Chanhat Doab, zamīndārs of, 141, 143, 154, 187&n Chatsu, prices at, 33 n chaudhurī, 109, 113, 123 n, 126, 130, 133, 148, 209, 213, 217&n, 240 Chauhāns, a Rajput clan, 108, 120, 125 n chaukī, 139, 161 Chaurasi, 113 n chauth (lit. one fourth; levy imposed by the Marāṭhās on non-Marāṭhā land), 248, 274 n, 275 n Chenab, 203 Chhabele Dās, Jai Singh’s vakīl, 28 Chhabele Rām, governor of Awadh with additional powers, xxvi, xxxviii, xxxix, 65–8, 71– 2, 99–100, 111–12, 215 n, 230, 233, 235 n, 303;
& the zamīndārs in Awadh, 96, 97&n, 99, 111, 218 n;
governor of Allahabad, 44, 67, 71 Chhoni, 88 Chīmahs, a Jāṭ caste, 204&n Chīn Qilīch Khān (Niz̤ām-ul-Mulk), xx, xxxi, xxxii, 44, 61, 63, 70 n, 76, 81 n, 82 n, 229, 231, 237 n, 268 n, 278 n; fails to get high position at the centre from Bahādur Shah, 21;
resents the rise of the new nobles, 22&n;
appointed governor of Awadh, 59; 65&n; resigns, 64, 96, 111; his associates & politics, (p.360) 60–1, 63–4, 88, 89&n, 246 n, 279, 285 n, 287,
289 n; & Persian invasion, 52, 280&n, 281, 311; & the Marā ṭhās & the Deccan, 247 n, 248, 272, 275&n, 276, 298
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chūbdār, 196 Chunar, sarkār, 132, 212 n, 235 n, 250; in ijāra, 221&n, 285, 287 n; revenues of, 256; zamīndārs of, 263 Chunar, town, 71, 256, 262, 264, 286 chungī (a tax or fee for weighing or for the use of market conveniences), 241 Chunian, 182 n Churāman Jāṭ, tries to win a peace with the Mughals, 35;
against the Sikhs, 157, 231 cis-Sutlej area, the Sikhs in, 139, 142, 181;
the Punjab’s links with, 294 Constantinople, Lahore compared with, 145 Cunningham, Alexander, 103 n Dabar hills, the Sikhs in, 169 Dadyal, 163, 190 dagh-o-tasḥīḥa (branding & verification), 58 Dakhinī Rām, 99 Dal Khālsa, 181&n, 182 n Dallewal, 182 n Dalmau, 103, 105 Dalpat Singh, a zamīndār, 35 Dang-dun, 74 n Dardak, see Rahon dārogha (superintendent): dārogha-i ‘arẓ-i mukarrar, 47 dārogha-i ḍāk, 47, 49, 201 n dārogha of the mint, 201 n dārogha of topkhāna, 247 Dars-i Niz̤āmī, (curriculum followed in Muslim traditional seats of learning), 315 dār-ul-Mulk, 16, 283 Daryabad, 100, 121 n, 215 n, 219 n, 223 n, 226 Dasaunda Singh of Dal Khālsa, 182 n Dasmandi, 123 dastak (a permit, an order), 115, 200 n dastūr, (revenue rate), 106–07 Dā’ūd Khān & court politics, 81 n, 230 Dayā Bahādur, 235 n Dayā Rām, xxvi, 113, 174, 175, 176 Dayānat Rāi, 167 n Debidaspur, 113 n Deccan, 1, 4, 7, 21, 27–8, 31, 44, 45 n, 59&n, 60, 63&n, 65 n, 73 n, 75 n, 79, 81&n, 82 n, 84 n, 86 n, 89&n, 138, 157 n, 237 n, 238, 247 n, 248, 252, 278 n, 279 n, 285 n, 311 Deccanīs, 4, 21 n Dehlavī, ShaiKh ‘Abd-ul-Ḥaq Muḥaddis̤, 118 n Delhi, city, xviii, xix, xxii–xxiii, xxix, xxxi, xlii, xlvi, liii, lvii, lix, 10, 11, 17, 18, 50, 70 n, 71 n, 79 n, 81, 84 n, 85 n, 90&n, 93, 111, 141 n, 159, 190, 197, 199, 200, 210, 221&n, 222&n, 226–9, 231, 232, 238, 242, 244, 246, 251, 257 n, 261, 262 n, 263, 264, 266, 267
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n, 270, 275 n, 276, 279 n, 281, 284, 286, 288, 289 n, 294, 296, 297, 299, 300, 306–7, 311–12; officials caused hardships to the traders in, 26&n;
prices of foodgrains in, 26–7 n, 31–2 n, 48&n, 51&n;
famine in, 32–3&n, 49; trading caravan looted near, 35–6; trade of, 12, 42 n, 53, 143, 153, 179 Delhi, province, 48, 102 n, 138–9, 141–3, 153 n, 158, 169&n, 171 n, 173 n Delhi, sarkār, 142&n Deokali, in Agra province, 35 Deori, 97 Dera Baba Nanak, 145, 182 n (p.361) Dera Ghazi Khan, 143, 144, 146 n Dera Ismail Khan, 144 deras, 180 Dewi, 98 dharwee, 181 Dhrub Dev, a raja of Jammu hills, 161, 188, 189 n Diler Khān, 213 n, 230 Diler Dil Khān, 77 n, 87 n, 293 &n, 294&n Dīna Nāth, 173 Dīp Singh of Shahidī misl, 182 n dīwān (revenue minister) of the province & the centre, 1, 59, 61&n, 73&n, 74 n, 75, 76, 86, 89, 93, 100, 302, 309; & the governor, 67–8, 69, 85, 90–1, 111; held faujdārī, 68; 71, 92, 213; & local problems, 115, 120, 166, 191, 193–4, 197, 198, 199–200, 205 Dīwān Hardayāl, 151 dīwān-i a‘lā (chief revenue minister), 58, 197 n diwān-i ‘ām (audience hall), 46 n dīwān-i khāliṣa (minister in charge of khāliṣa maḥāls), 172, 222, 247 n, 289&n Dīwān Nawal Singh, 240 dīwān-i tan (minister dealing with the jāgīrs), 36, 173 dīwān-i tan-o-khāliṣa, 66 n, 173, 197 Dodai land, 146 n daul (revenue roll), 215 n Dondia Khera in Baiswara, 97, 102, 103, 110 n, 111, 215, 216 n Doon Valley, 170 n D urgmal Gaur, a zamīndār of Khairabad, 98 East India Company, xxxvi, l, lii, lvi, 8, 41 n, 216 n, 257 Eminabad, pargana, faujdārs of, 78&n, 87&n, 92;
revenues of, 187 n, 295&n Eminabad, town, 180, 183 Etawah, chaklā, 34, 35, 49, 264, 281 n Etawah, town, 34 n, 42 n, 43, 263, 281 Etonja, 218 European merchants, 257 European observations of soil conditions, 256 Faizabad, 42 n, 240, 256, 260
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Faiẓullāh Khān, 90 n Faizullahpur, 182 n Fakhrpur, 131 Fakhr-ud-Dīn, 79 n famine, 31, 211, 284; at the imperial camp, 51 n Farkhunda Siyar, Prince, 74 n farmāns (imperial orders), 46&n, 79, 89, 91 n, 115 n, 125 n, 158–9, 161, 163, 171, 265 n, 273 n, 275&n, 276, 279 n, 286 n, 315 Farrukhabad, 38 n, 41 n, 56, 102, 121, 216 n, 262, 265, 266&n, 267&n, 279, 314 Farrukh Siyar, xvii, xxii, xxvi, xxix, xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, xxxix, xlvii, xlix, li, liii, 22, 29 n, 31, 32 n, 33&n, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45, 48 n, 73&n, 74 n, 78 n, 92, 97, 121 n, 127–8, 130, 132&b, 133, 194 n, 198, 203, 227–30, 233, 239, 260 n, 305, 318;
the nobles’ alienation from, 44–5; position of the governors under, 58, 65, 67 n, 68&n, 70, 302;
& court politics, 66 n, 68 n, 70 n, 88 n, 193, 303;
& the Sikh question, 139 n, 149, 166, 169–71, 177;
the Khatrīs under, 171–7 Fārūqīs settle in Bhadohi, 252 Fateḥ Chand, raja of Sirmur, 158, 159 Fateḥ Chand, a zamīndār of Beth Jalandhar, 196, 204 Fatehpur, 122, 123 n, 124, 224 n Fateh Singh, a Khatri, 173 Fathabad, 187&n (p.362) Fauj ‘Alī Khān, 165&n faujdār (area commandant), lv, 1, 26&n, 27, 34&n, 35, 46&n, 58, 78–80, 84–6&n, 87 n, 91–2, 99, 102 n, 105–6, 121, 125, 128, 130–1, 132 n, 133, 135, 139, 148, 150, 154, 161, 187 n, 188, 190, 192–200, 202–4, 206, 222, 225, 228, 233, 242–3, 262, 271, 291, 304, 316, 318; position & power in the period, 212–14&n;
309 & the governor, 59–61, 63–8, 65 n, 66, 67 n, 70–2, 75 faujdārī right over jāgīrs, 72–3, 75–6&n, 192–200, 207, 311;
with ijāra, 267–8; & the zamīndārī, 216 fawāẓil, 228 finance, & the merchants, xxi, xl, xlvii, lv, 8–9; 12, 15, 41–42, 53, 58, 68, 72, 105, 138, 144, 147, 152–4, 174–7, 186, 193–4, 202, 205, 207, 213, 221, 252, 302–3, 306, 309, 310, 312, 314, 316 problems of, 24–31, 39, 90–1, 166, 176, 191, 193, 268&n, 283 n, 296, 297 Firangi Mahal, 122, 222 n, 223 n Fīroz Khān Mewātī, 164 Fushanj (Pishin), road through, 143 Gajpat Rāi, 175, 176 Gaj Singh, 264 Ganga, 103, 105, 121, 216 n, 238, 253, 256, 267 n, 272 n, 305 Gangapur, 308 Gangetic plain, 317–18 Gangohī, ShaiKh ‘Abd-ul-Quddūs, 117 Ganjpura, 120
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ganjs (emporia for grain & other necessaries of life), in Bangash territory, 39 n;
in Delhi, 52; in the Awadh region, 105 n, 251, 253, 316 gaṛhī (fortress, mud fort), 97, 98&n, 126, 218 n Garhi Pathanan, 151 n, 318 Garh Muktesar, xlvi, 271 n Gaur Singh, a Sikh sardār, 163 Gaurs, a Rājpūt clan of Awadh, 96, 98 n, 100, 101, 108, 112, 121, 218 n, 224 Gautam Rājpūts of Azamgarh, 101, 250–1 Gehlot zamīndārs of Baiswara, 125&n Ghaffarnagar, 102&n, 120 Ghagra, 66, 101 Ghakkars, 190, 204 Ghamans, 204&n Ghaẓanfar Khān, 165 Ghazī Khān Dodai, 146 n, Ghazipur, sarkār, 235 n, 250; in ijāra, 221, 222 n, 285, 286 n; revenues of, 256; zamīndārs, 263 Ghāzī-ud-Dīn Khān, father of Niz̤ām-ul-Mulk, xx, 29 Ghāzī-ud-Dīn Khān, son of Niz̤ām-ul-Mulk, 60, 246 n, 278 n, 285 n Ghazī-ud-Din Khān Ghālib Jang, Aḥmad Beg, 194&n Ghilzai, Maḥmūd, 185 Ghilzai, Mīr Wais, 185 Ghilzai risings, 185 Ghiyaspur, 132 Ghulām HḤusain, 87 n Girdhara, 101 Girdhar Bahādur, xxvi, xxxix, lv, 66;67 n, 247, 248
acquires governorship of Awadh, 71&n, 302, 303;
his expeditions against the zamīndārs in Awadh, 98&n, 101, 111–12, 218 n;
his jāgīrs, 210; governor of Malwa, 67 n, 247, 248 Girdhārī, 250 n Gobind Dās, 131 (p.363) Gobind Nāyak protects Marāṭhā traders’ interests in Benaras, 278 Gobind Singh, Gurū, the Sikh struggle under, 137–8&n, 158, 162 n, 202;
& Khālsa, 146–7, 152 n; & Sikh ideology, 155–6&n; his son & widow honoured by FarruKh Siyar, 177 Golconda, 1, 63 Goler, 158 n, 159, 171 Gonda, 216 Gondai, 114, 131 Gopāldās, a Benaras mahājan, 253, 254&n Gopāl Singh, raja of Bhadawar, 265&n, 266, 273 n Gopamau, 128, 131 226 Gorakhpur, sarkār, 74 n;
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faujdārs of61 n, 64 n, 72 n, 103–05, 212;
zamīndārs of, 101, 216 jama‘dāmī, 105 Gotki, 144 governor (ṣūbadār), theoretical position, 58–9,
struggles to control appointments in the province, 47, 59–65;
& the office of dīwān, 58–9, 61&n, 67–9, 71, 73&n, 74 n, 75, 76, 85–6, 89–93, 111,
191, 193, 302, 309; & jāgīrs & jāgīrdārs in the province, 58, 68, 72–5, 72 n, 73 n, 75 n, 80&n, 84, 88&n,
90, 205, 207–12; & madad-i-ma‘āsh, 66, 222 n, 223–4, 225 n;
& the zamīndārs, 29, 56, 96–101, 107, 111–12, 190–1, 214–21;
& the other local elements, 64; & the centre, 44, 55–6, 59, 68–72, 75–6, 78–9, 80–93, 208, 302, 304, 309, 311;
endeavours to control areas around the province, 67, 81, 87–8, 310–11 Govindwal, 187 n Gowāldās, a Benaras mahājan, 254 n Gujarat, chaklā, faujdārs of, 76, 78&n, 79 n, 86, 87 n, 92;
problems of administration, 186, 200 n, 201 n;
revenues, 295; & Nedir Shāh, 297 Gujarat, province, xlix, lv, 8, 29, 60, 81&n, 82 n, 111, 176, 218 n, 229, 246 n, 247 n, 248, 261, 275 n Gujarat, town, 153, 183, 231 n Gūjars, uprisings, 49, 141, 149&n, 170&n;
conflict with the Sikhs, 151 Gujranwala, 182 n Gulābo Khatrī, 151 Gulāb Rāi Khatrī, 226 Gulāb Singh of Dallewāl mis̤ l, 182 n gumāshta (agent), 190, 201 n, 207, 209, 220 n Gurdaspur, 139 n, 171 gurmatta, 182 gurzbardārs (macebearers), 69 n, 85 n, 199, 200 Gwalior, xlvi, 68 n, 171 n, 287 n Habib, Irfan, 9; his view of the crisis of the Mughal empire, 4;
his map of Awadh, 103 Ḥafiz̤ Khidmatgār Khān, xxvi, xxxi–xxxii, lvii;
influences appointments & dismissals of governors, 47, 50 Ḥafiz̤-ud-Dīn Khān, Khwāja, 54, 284, 287 Haibatpur Patti, 153, 186, 187 n Ḥaidar Qulī Khān, Mu‘izz-ud-Daulah, 82 n, 246&n, 247 n, 249 Haisham Khān, 121 Hajipur, 97 n, 215 n Ḥājī Yār Beg, 149 Ḥakīm ‘Abdullāh, 236 n Ḥamīda Bāno, 61 n Ḥāmid Khān, Niz̤ām-ul-Mulk’s uncle, governor of Gujarat, 82 n, 246 n, 247 n, 248
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(p.364) Har Narāian, son of Ātmā Rām, 201 n, 240 Har Sahāi, a Khatrī, 175 Hardoi, 215 n, 219 n Hardy, P., 4 Hargobindpur, 145 Harha, 97, 102 n, 120, 125, 128, 216, 217&n, 227 Harharpur, 131 Hari Chand Rāi, 241 Hari Singh of Bhangī mis̤l, 182 n Haryana, 157 Hasan Abdal, 187, 204 Hasanpur, 229&n ḥasb-ul-ḥukm (lit. according to command; a document issued on royal command, by the wazīr, mir bakhshī or other high
officials), 86 n, 265 n ḥāṣīl, 24–5, 145–6&n, 185, 256&n ḥavelī/ḥawīlī (lit. mansion; pargana adjacent to the sarkār headquarters), used as prefix to Bahraich, Lucknow, etc. 74n, 113&n, 115, 124, 209 n, 213 n, 220 n, 225 n, 235 n, 254, 269 n Herat, the Punjab’s links with, 144 Hidāyat Kesh Khān, the chief news writer, 29&n Hidāyatullāh Khān, 45, 236 n Himalayan chiefs & zamīndārs, 12, 13; opposed the Sikhs, 137, 158, 162, 163, 169–71;
supported the Sikhs, 139, 157, 158–62, 163, 167 n;
& the Mughal rulers, 139, 157–66, 168–71, 188–9 Himalayas, 257 Himmat Diler Khān, 293 Himmat Khān, 72 n Himmat Singh, raja of Bhadawar, 279 Hindalgarh, 99 Hindāne, Bapūjī, 278 n Hindū, xxvi, xxxix–xl, xliii–xlvi, xlviii, xlix, lvii–lviii, lix, 2, 3, 153;
traders, 26 n; discriminating orders against, 28, 151, 152 n, 167, 177;
orders revoked, 177; & the Sikh uprisings, 154, 155–6&n, 167; in Awadh government, 239–42, 244, 315 Hindur, 158 n, 162 Hindū Singh, a zamīndar̄ of Gorakhpur, 101 Hindū Singh, a Chandela chief of sarkār Qanauj, 265&n, 266 n Hindustan, xxxix, lv, 27, 37, 51, 144, 189, 278 n, 307 Hingāne, Mahādev Bhatt̤, 278 n Hīra Singh of Nakai mis̤l, 182 n Hirday Rām, a Khatri, 174, 175, 176 Hirdesa Bundela, 272 Hisar Firoza, 142&n; road through, 143 Hodal, trading caravan looted near, 36
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Hoshdār Khān, 79 n, 80 n; campaigns against the Sikhs, 150 n, 161–2 Hoshiarpur, 145, 196, 197 Hugli, 12, 42 n hunḍīs, Delhi money-changers reluctance to cash, 38 ḥusain, Prophet Muḥammad’s grandson, 232 Husainganj, 251 ḥusain Khān Khweshgī, 88&n, 89&n, 203, 204 Husain Nagar, 102 Husampur, 113&n, 114, 116, 120, 121, 122, 123 n, 124 Ibrahimabad, in Awadh, 96, 98, 108, 211 Ibrahimabad Sodhra, in the Punjab, 145, 175 Ibrāhim Khān, 80 n, 81 (p.365) Ibrahimwal, 153 Ihtimām Khān, 172 Iḥtishām Khān, 131 ijāra, 114, 119, 165, 243, 264, 285, 286 n, 317;
context of its growth & implications, 133–4, 154, 201, 202, 203; 220–1, 317;
offices on, 50&n, 51, 133, 213 & the regional rulers, 209, 267, 269, 272 ijāradārs, 154, 201–2, 206, 210, 220–1&n, 222 n, 228, 243, 254, 264, 286, 297, 317 Ikhlāṣ Khan, 87 n, 175, 189 n Ikhtiarpur, 114 lāh Yār Beg, 171 n ‘Imād-ud-Dīn Khān, 29&n in‘ām (lands held as jāgīrs, but not against any rank or with any obligation; revenue free holding), 126&n, 225, 243 ‘Ināyatullāh Khān Kashmīrī, dīwān-i tan, 78 n, 88, 165, 196, 197;
replaced, 173, 197 & governorship of Kashmir, 291, 293 n, 294 n Indian Muslims, 87 n, 129, 200 n, 226 Indo-Gangetic plains, 143, 318 Indus, 143, 146 n, 183, 306, 318 Indus region, 291, 294 Inhona, 215 n, 219 n Intiz̤ām-ud-Daulah, son of Qamar-ud-Dīn Khān, 271 n, 272, 278 n Irādat Khān, xxi, xxiii, lx, 80 n 251 Irādatmand Khān, 83 n, 87 n Iran, see Persia Iranīs, 21, 23, 31 Irvine, William, 2 ‘Isā Beg Khān, 220 n ‘Isā Khān Me’īn, conflict with ‘Abd-us-Ṣamad Khān, killed, 83–4, 85, 86 n;
his position, 84 n, 150, 168, 203, 204; campaigns against the Sikhs, 161 Isar Singh, son of Raja Jai Singh, 299 Isfahan, Afghāns captured, 185 Islām, xxxix, xl, xlvi–xlix, lii, lx, 118, 155, 168, 232, 238, 251 Ismā‘īl Khān, 220 n
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‘Iwaẓ Khan, 199 Ja‘far Khān, 81 Jagat Narāin, grandson of Ātmā Rām, 242 Jagatpur, 97, 102, 103 Jagat Rāj Bundela, 260 n; invades Bhadawar, 273; Ṣafdar Jang’s relations with, 279&n Jagat Rām, a Khatrī, 173 jāgīr (revenue assignment to state official), xiii, xiv, 1, 3, 5, 19, 24, 32 n, 46, 49, 68, 165, 180, 189, 304, 311; crisis of, 3–4, 7, 14; in the Punjab, 15, 47, 73–4, 84 n, 191–205, 289, 292, 298–9;
problems & changes, 24–31, 36, 126–35, 149 n, 170 n, 186, 190, 192–8, 207–12,
246; converted into naqd, 36–7; in Awadh, 16, 73–4, 75, 207–12, 228–30, 233, 242, 246–7;
& the new ṣūbadār, 283–4, reforms, 25 jāgīrdārs (revenue assignees), 1; 16, 80, 98, 120, 124&n, 126–8, 133, 135, 148, 206, 242
resist the practice of frequent transfer, 15, 24, 25, 36–7, 130, 131–32
problems of, 24–6, 88&n, 154, 170 n, 190, 191–92&n, 193–8, 207–8, 210
& local administration, 72–4, 75 n, 304 Jahanabad, 263 Jahanaganj, 251 Jahāndār Shāh, xix–xx, xxiii, xxviii–xxix, xxxviii, liii, 26, 29&n, 30, 34; 69 n, 78 n, 79 n, 81, 82, 84 n, 132 n, 194 n, 203, 229–30, 233, 249;
alienation of the nobles from, 44–5 & the Sikh question, 141 n, (p.366) 168, 177;
the Khatrīs under, 171–2; & the Hindūs, 177 Jahāngīr, xxv, xxxvii, 117, 118, 127, 129, 250, 252 Jahangirabad, in Awadh, 74 n, 98, 111 Jahangirabad, in the Punjab, 145 Jahangiraganj, 251 Jahān Shāh, Prince, 132 n Jaipur, 271 n, 272 Jaipur raj, 277 n, 278 n Jai Singh, Raja, relations with Bahādur Shāh, 23 n, 28 n, 163, 164 n;
& the court, 28, 211; takes ṣūba Ajmer on ijāra, 50 n, 221 n; & the Sikhs, 28, 155&n, 163–4; & the hill chiefs, 163–4&n, 170&n, 189 n;
& the Jats, 231, 273–4; & the Marāṭhās, 273–4, 275&n, 276, 299 Jai Singh, a Sikh sardār, 163 Jai Singh Kanhiyā of Kahiyā mis̤l, 182 n Jais, 122&n, 215 n, 219 n Jajmau, 102, 103&n Jaju, 34, 84 n
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Jakobar, 186 Jalalabad, 141 n, 149 n, 153 Jalāl Khān Bāzīd Khail, 229 Jalāl Khān Rohillā, campaigns against the Sikhs, 149 n;
against the Gūjars, 170 n Jalandhar Doab, sarkār, see Beth Jalandhar Jalesar, in Agra province, 35, 43; Marāṭhā defeat at, 273 jama‘(assessed revenue), of the empire, 53&n; 127, 207, 209, 212, 215 n, 219 n;
in & around Awadh, 74&n, 103, 105–7, 254–6, 305–6, 316–7;
of the Punjab, 74 n, 145, 146 n, 183&n; of Multan city, Bhakkar, Sehwan & Mu‘izzabād, 145;
alienation in madad-i ma‘āsh, 113 jama‘ (standard revenue assessed for jāgīr) & ḥāṣil, 24–5 jamā‘adār, 196, 199 jamdhar, 153 jamī‘at (contingent, kinsfolk), of zamīndārs, 13, 108;
of nobles, 230 Jammu, chaklā, 12, 76, 85, 158 n, 194, 198, 199 ;
faujdārs of, 78, 86&87 n, 92, 171 n, 189, 193, 194, 200, 318;
zamīndārs of, 138, 158 n, 159, 161, 188, 189 n Jammu hills, 159, 161, 165, 188 Jān Nis̤ār Khān, 262 n Jaspati Rāi, dīwān of Zakariyā Khān, 181, 186 Jasrota, 158 n, 159, 161, 188, 189 n, 190 Jassa Singh Ahluwālia, 180, 181&n Jaswan, 158 n, 162, 163 Jaswant Rāi, a Khatrī, 173 Jāṭs, xxxviii, xlvi, lxiii, 1, 13, 35, 91 n, 170, 210, 264, 274;
& the Sikhs, 137, 142–3, 146–7, 149–50, 152, 156–7; 164, 167;
areas of their settlements, 142–6, 204&n, 306 Jaṭṭ Khālsa, 177 Jaṭṭs, see Jāṭs Jaunpur, city, 12, 220 n, 251–2, 265 n Jaunpur, sarkār, 132, 212 n, 221 n, 222 n, 250;
faujdārs of, 59, 60, 72 n, 213 n, 235 n; zamīndārs, 262–4; in ijāra, 222&n, 285, 286 n; revenues of, 256 Jawāhar Khān, 267 n Jethī Rājsāhī, Baiswara zamīndār, 102 n, 120 Jhalotar, 97, 106 Jind, 181 jizya (poll-tax on non-Muslims), abolished in, 1722, xl, 48;
under Aurangzeb, 119 Jodhpur, 61 n, 66 n Jogiara, 153 Jwalapur, 141 n (p.367) Kabul, 12, 76, 78, 80 n, 81, 85 n, 88, 92, 136, 197, 201, 261, 290, 310, 313;
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emoluments of the soldiers posted in, 47, 85, 86, 93, 205, 295–6;
& the governor of the Punjab, 292&n, 296, 300, 310;
trade & road through, 143, 144, 145, 318 kachahrī (office, court), 66 n, 86, 100, 201 n, 213 Kachhandu, 224 n Kachhwāhas, 164 n, 168 Kahlur, 157, 158 n, 161–2 Kahlur hills, 161, 162, 164 Kakori, 116, 127, 211, 225, 226, 227, 234&n, 236 n, 237 n Kalanaur, 175, 183 Kalpi, sarkār, 260 n Kalyan, 161 Kalyan Singh, 43 Kamalpur, 121 Kām Bakhsh, Prince Muḥammad, 21, 25, 60, 63 Kāmwar, on Indian traders in Iran, etc., 144;
on court politics & the Sikhs, 156 n, 166
on Khatrīs in state service, 173 Kandhla, 141 n Kanha, 98 n, 182 n Kanhatta, 121 Kanhpurias, a Rajput clan, 96, 98, 103, 108, 119 n, 224 Kangra, 79 n, 87&n, 139, 158 n, 164, 165, 171, 187 n, 188&n, 192 n, 193 Kanpur, 103 n Kantaur, 123 n Kapur Singh, Nawāb, the Sikh chief, 180, 182 n Kara, 71, 228, 229, 252 Karamnassa, 276 n Karat, 99 Karauli, 264 kār kh ānas, maintained by the Khatrīs, 176 Karmallahpur, 123 n Karnal, 27 n, 52, 236, 281 n, 284; the Sikhs in, 156 Karora Singh, of Karora Singhia mịṣl, 182 n Kartarpur, 145 Kashipur, 165, 270 Kashmir, xxvii, 47, 81, 88, 92, 154, 189, 287;
& the governor of the Punjab, 291&n, 292, 293&n, 299 kaṭār, 153 Katesar, 98&n, 111, 112, 121 n, 218&n Kathna, 198 kaṭrā (market-place), 252–3 Kauramal, dīwān of Zakariyā Khān in the Punjab, 90 n 186 Kāyasthas, 240 Kaz̤īm Beg Khān, 247 n Kerana, 141 n Kesar Singh, a zamīndār of Gorakhpur, 101 Keswar, 263
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Khāfī Khān, on jāgīr administration, 22 n, 24;
on Saiyid Brothers, 43 n; on the Sikhs, 151 Khairabad, sarkār, 69, 74 n, 99, 101–3, 112, 126, 220 n, 239;
faujdārs of, 60 n, 61, 64 n, 65 n, 67 n, 98–9, 212&n, 214 n;
zamāndīrs of, 98&n, 101, 109, 121&n, 217, 218&n, 224&n, 269;
jama‘dāmī of, 105; madad-i ma‘āsh holders, 113 n, 115 n, 121&n, 123 n, 225;
jāgīr-i maḥāl-i wat̤an, 128, 130–1 Khairabad, town, 102, 103 Khajua, roads to, 102, 103 Khajurgaon, 97 n, 215 n Khalīl Khān Bāzīd Khail, 127 129 Khalilpur, 187 Khalīlullāh Khan, 188 n Khāliṣa, 37&n, 38&n, 58, 73, 74 n, 80 n, 105, 133, 141, 145, 149 n, (p.368) 156, 165, 169&n, 170 n, 173, 185, 186&n, 190, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201, 226, 254, 295 304, 310, 314 Khālsa, 137&n, 147, 152, 154, 156 Khan, Iqtidar Alam, his view of the middle classes, 124 n khānazāds (old and established families in Mughal service), xx, 28, 29–30, 129, 276, 302; their claims neglected by Bahādur Shāh, 21–3;
resent the rise of the new nobles, 23; & manṣabs & jāgīrs, 246; revolt against the Saiyids, 89 Khān-i’Ālam, 88 khān-i sāmān, 132 n, 173 n, 197 Khan Jahān Kokaltāsh, xxviii, 29 n, 81&n, 194 n Khān Zamān, governor of Awadh, 69 n; deputy governor of Multan, 87 n Kharals, revolt near Multan, 141 Kharkhauda, 139, 156 Khatrīs, xxi, xxxviii, 7, 8, 13, 113 n, 147, 240, 319;
in Persia & Central Asia, 144 & the Sikh uprisings, 146, 149, 151–2, 154, 202;
in Mughal service, 171–7, 186, 205, 318 Kheir, in Agra province, 42 n Kheri, 100, 121 n, 134, 218 n kherigarh, 74 n 101 khil’at (robe of honour), 161, 168, 169; ——i matami, 177 Khiradmand Khān, 87 n khirpur, 144 Khokhars of the Punjab, 187 n Khori Wahas, a caste in the Punjab, 203 Khūbullāh, 237 n Khudā Yār Khān, 279 n, 279&n khudkāshta, 7, 117
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khūrāk-i dawāb (deductions from the jagīrdār’s emoluments for Khūrāk-i dawāb (deductions from the jagīrdār’s emoluments for feeding the royal animals), 196, 197&n, 198; resisted by the nobles, & modification in rule, 24, 196 n Khushab, 141 Khush-hāl Rāi, on prices, xxvii, xlv, 26&n, 27;
on sihbandī, 37 n on court politics, 84 n khushmanzils, 165 khḅṭua, 31 n, 63, 168 Khwaja Ḥafīẓullāh, 279 n Khwāja Muḥammad Khān, 279 n Khwāja Muḥammad Qāsim, 175 Khwāja Raḥmatullāh, 200 n Khwājim Beg Khān, 262 n Khweshgī Afghāns, 150 Khybar Pass, road through, 143 kiratpur, 145, 150, 161 Kirpā Rām, Rām Khatrī, 173 Kishtawar, 12 Kokī Jio, her influence at the court of Muḥammad Shāh, xxiv, xxv, xxxi xxxii, 47–50, 292 Kol, river in Azamgarh, 251 Kora, sarkār, 102; revenues of, 255, 256, 262 n, 264 n; 317,
zamīndār revolts in, 263, 273 n, Kora, town, 42 n, 66, 102, 229, 262, 263, 311 Kothi & other villages in pargana Sidhaur, 120 Kotla, zamīndār of, 162; fort of, 193 kotwāl, 68, 76 n, 79 n, 87, 134, 152 n, 199, 309 Kulu, 158, 162&n Kulu hills, 169 Kumaon, 158&n, 165, 168, 169, 170&n , 188&n , 270 Kumaon hills, 165 Kunbīs, a caste in Awadh, 124 Kunwar Har Sevak, a Khatrī, 172 (p.369) Lachhmī Narāin, grandson of ātmā Rām, 242, 282 n, 284 n Lahari Bandar, 145; routes to, 143, 306, 318 Laharpur, 74 n, 96, 100, 101, 121 n, 218 n, 225 Lahore, city, xlv, 23, 27, 31 n, 76, 79 n, 80 n, 82 n, 83, 84 n, 87&n, 88, 90 n, 165, 166, 168, 179, 180, 181, 182 n, 192 n, 201 n, 229, 280 n, 292, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 310;
trade & route through, 143–6, 153, 154, 179, 187&n 193
defended against the Sikhs, 149, 153 n & the regions around, 293, 294 Lahore, province, see the Punjab Lakhi Jungle, 84 n, 180, 203 Lakhpat Rai, dīwan of Ẕakariyā Khḥan in the Punjab, 90 n, 181, 186 Lālā Parsottam Rāi, 240
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Lalganj, 253&n Lạṭāfat Khān, 79 n Latifpur, 253 Leonard, Karen, her view of imperial decline & the rise of the regional states, 8&n, 38 n Letī chiefs, of Sindh, 143; of Multan, 297&n Lohanīs of Sindh, 144 Lohar, 187 n Lohgarh, the Sikhs in, 147, 155 n, 159, 166 Lucknow, city, 12, 42 n, 71 n, 99&n , 102, 105, 122, 226, 256, 267 n, 270, 275 n, 312, 317 Lucknow, sarkār, xxvi 74 n, 101, 102, 103&n 122 n, 211, 218, 219, 226, 229;
faujdārs of, 61 67 n, 68, 70, 133, 212, 225 n
zamīndārs of, 98, 101, 111, 120, 122, 125, 217, 218 n, 229
jama’dāmī of, 10–7 ShaiKhzādas & the Afghns of, xxvi 105 n, 116, 127, 243&n 236–8;
jāgīr-i maḥāl-i waṭạn in, 128, 130, 229 Luṭfullāh Ṣādiq, diwān-i tan, 36, 78 n, 132 n;
& the Punjab & Multan areas, 293, 294 Ma’ālī Khān, xxvi, 229 Macauliffe, M. A., 177 Machhiwara, 196 madad-i ma’āsh holders, & Aurangzeb, xiv, xxxix, lxiv, 3, 13, 18, 19 n, 24, 66, 135, 206, 211, 234; their position & changes in it, 112–20, 116–21, 308–9;
& Mughal administration, 5, 7; 94–135; & provincial government, 11, 221–6, 315 as zamīndārs & ijāradārs, 30, 112–16, 126
turn their grants into zamīndārīs, 15, 224–5, 320;
conflict with the zamīndārs, 120–23 124 & the Sikhs, 138–149; & the ShaiKhzādas, 223&n 236, 243 Madhopur, 123 n madrasa, 121, 122&n, 123, 222 n, 223 n, 315 Mahābat Khān, governor of Awadh, 69 n; governor of Thatta, 88 mobilizes the zamīndārs against the Sikhs, 162;
his jāgīr, 165, 192 n Mahābat Khān, a zamīndār of Nizamabad pargana, 251 mahājans, lv, 133, 253; & ijīra, 201–2, 221 maḥāl, (e.g., jāgḥr maḥāl, khāliṣa maḥāl or ijāra maḥāl), 109, 165, 169 n, 192, 195, 198, 202, 206, 209, 212; sometimes encompassed the entire pargana, 295, 297 Maharānā of Gahadwala, 277 Mahdī Yār Khān, 87 n Mahona, 127, 207 n (p.370) Mahrajganj, 251
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maḥẓar (a document attested by a number of persons professing to be cognisant of the circumstances of the case, and submitted, with their signatures, to the court), 117, 122 n, 198, 225 240 Majhauli, 101 Majlis Rāi, a Khatrī, 175 Malbari, 121 malguzār, 110, 219 Malhār Rāo Holkar, 273, 274, 277, 278 n Malihabad, 65, 226, 229, 230, 240 Malika Bāno, 61 n mālikāna (proprietary), 225 Maliks founded a mohalla at Bhodohi, 252 Malik, Z.U., 20 Mallanwan, 105, 113, 124, 217 n Malwa, lv, 44, 67 n, 70 n, 111, 132 n, 210, 211, 222 n, 235 n, 244, 247, 248–9, 261, 275 n, 282, 310; Burhān-ul-Mulk’s interest in, 273, 274, 275 man (Shāhjahānī equal to about 73.76 lb.), 32 n Mandiaon, 98, 105 mandīs (grain markets), 52, 105&n Manikpur, 119 n, 122, 215 n, 219 n Mankapur, 218 n Manohargarh, 120 manṣabdārs, 12, 33, 36–7, 39, 52, 75, 130–1, 194, 196 n, 199, 200 n, 208, 211, 240, 246, 284, 295, 304, 307; & the governors, 10–11; ——birādrī, 127, 129&n Mansā Rām, founder of the Benaras raj, 253, 254, 264, 286&n, 308 manṣabs, xxvii 3, 11, 46 n, 47, 51, 58, 61 n, 67, 70 n, 83, 127–8, 129 n, 130, 165, 176, 190, 203, 216; under Bahādur Shāh, 21, 22&n, 23, 29; income from jāgīrs against, 24–5; order to control promotions, 29; & the new ṣūbadār, 283, 285&n Marahta, 100 Marāṭhās, xl–xliii, xlv, lvi, 2, 4, 12, 13, 17, 25, 27 n, 48, 51, 52 n, 53, 54, 55, 64, 67 n, 157 n, 168, 219, 238–9, 246 n, 247 n, 248, 298, 312, 315, 319;
& the governors of Awadh, 260 n, 268, 272–80, 310, 311;
traders in Benaras, 277 marātibnawīs (keeper of records of gradations of ranks & honours conferred on the nobles), 173 Mardān ’Ali Khān, 34 n Mardān Singh, zamīndār of Dondia Khera, 97, 215, 216, 217 n, 219 masands, 152 mashrūt sawār, 66 Mathura, 26 Maulāna Ḥamīd-ud-Dīn, 237 n mauẓa, (village), 97, 217, 218 n Meerut, 132 n
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Mehr Chand, a zamīndār, 168 Mehrors of Baiswara, 216 Mehr-un-Nisā Begum, 61 n Mehta Rām Singh, 241 Me’īns in Beth Jalandhar, 203 merchants & traders, political participation/ non-participation, xiv, xxi, xl, xlvii, lv, 8, 15, 40, 111, 138, 144, 147, 152–4, 164, 172, 175–7, 186, 205, 221, 252, 257;
& ijāra & inter-regional trade, 41–2, 201;
their wealth, 53; plundered by local rebels, 105, 153–4, 179;
unlawful exactions from, 26 n, 43–4, 102, 193, 202;
migrated from the Punjab, 298; & the Mughal system, 306, 309 Miān Khānān, 187 milk (property), 117 milkiyat & zamīndārī, 113&n, 115, 117, 121, 123, 126, 225 320 Mīr ’Abdullāh, 255 n (p.371) Mīr ‘Abd-ur-Raḥmān, 213 Mīr ‘Abd-us-Salām, 76 n Mīr Abul Qāsim, 64 n mil ‘adl (officer of justice, entitled to reconsider the decisions of the qazīs), 118 Mīr Aḥmad Khān, 291 Mīr Asad ‘Alī Khān, deputized for Mīr Musharraf in Awadh, 70 Mīr Ashraf, 229–30 mīrātish (head of the artillery), 54, 55, 132 n, 247 n, 248 n, 271 n, 284, 287&n, 289 Mīr ‘Azīm-ud-Dīn Khān, 235 n mīr bakhshī (adjutant general, paymaster general), 191, 210, 236 n, 249, 261, 273&n, 281, 282, 285 n Mīr Bāqar Chaudhurī, 220 n Mīr Ḥaidar, 235 n Mīr Jumla, 45&n, 84&n, 172, 194, 247; his jagīrs, 193, 229–230, 231&n Mīr Khān, 78 n Mīr Muḥammad ‘Alī, 196 MĮr Muḥammad Ḥusain, 195, 197 Mīr Muḥammad Khān, 83 n Mīr Muḥammad Salāḥ Khān, 235 n Mīr Muḥammad Taqī, 239 Mīr Munnū, Mu īn-ul-Mulk, son of Qamar-ud-Din Khān, 50 n Mīr Musharraf, governor of Awadh, xxvi, xxix, 65&n, 67, 70&n;
his manṣab&position at the court, 229, 230–1, 233 Mīr Nūr-ul-Ḥasan Khan, 235 n Mīr Rustam ‘Alī Khan, 134, 235 n, 253, 264, 285, 286&n, 288 Mīr Saiyid Aḥmad, 114, 115, 122; Mīr Saiyid Bhīkā, 208 n Mīr Saiyid Muḥammad ‘ārif, 113 n, 115, 122 Mīr Saiyid Muḥammad Roshan, 235 n Mīr Sanjar, 80 n Mirzā ‘Abd-ul-Bāqī Beg, founded Mirzapur, 252
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Mirzā Muḥammad, on problems of jāgīrs in the Punjab, 195–6, 198, 318 Mirzā Muḥammad Khān, 64 n Mirzā Muḥammad T̤āhir, 120 Mirzapur, rise & growth of, 250, 252, 253, 276 n, 316 Mirzās (princes claiming descent from Timūr), 19, 31 mis̤ls, 178, 181&n developments leading to, 179–81;
formation of, 181–2&n Mitankot, 144 Mitr Sen Brahman & the Agra tumult of 1719, 231 Mohan, 103, 225 n Mohan Lāl, on trade & routes of the Punjab, 144 Mohan Singh, zamīndār of Tiloi, 122, 123 n, 215 n, 219&n Moradabad-Bareilly region, 103, 131, 134&n, 169 n, 170, 237 n, 249, 250, 266,&n, 267, 294; in ijāra, 221&n, 228, 272, 317 revenues of, 255&n, 256, Ṣafdar Jang’s interest in, 268–72, 285 Morawan, 214–15 n mu‘āfīs (tax free holdings), 65 n Mu‘azzamabād, see Gorakhpur Mubarakpur, 113 n, 114 Mubāriz Khān, defeated by Nizam-ul-Mulk at Shakar Khera, 248 muchalkā (bond, deed), 295 n muftī (a Muslim theologian entitled to issue opinions on religious matters), 225 Muḥammad Asad, 223 n Muḥammad Faiz. BaKhsh, 226 Muḥammad Ḥaf īz ‘Abbāsī, 116 Muḥammad Ḥusain, 87 n (p.372) Muḥammad Ibrāhīm, Prince, made king by Saiyid ‘Abdullāh Khān, 194 n Muḥammad Imām Khān, 236 n Muḥammad Isḥāq, Khān, Najm-ud-Daulah, 288&n Muḥammad Karīm, Prince, son of ʻAz̤īm-ush-Shan, 29 n Muḥammad Murād Kashmīrī, 69 n Muḥammad Panāh, 114&n Muhammadpur, 203, 204 n Muḥammad Sa‘īd, son of Mullā Qutb-ud-Dīn, 122 n, 225 n Muḥammad Sa‘īd Khān z, 54 Muḥammad Shāh, xxiv, xxv, xxix, xxxi–xxxii, xl, li, liii, liv, lvii–lix, lvi, 20, 55, 74&n, 107, 114, 128, 131, 132&n, 188 n, 211, 214 n, 235 n, 237 n, 280, 288 n;
& the nobility, 45–8, 194 n, 230; position of the governors under, 89–90, 107, 276, 295;
Sikh problems under, 153 n, 186; the Khatrīs under, 172&n, 173, 176; economy under, 185, 254, 319 ijāra under, 221, 254, 264; madad-i ma ‘āsh under, 224, 225&n Muḥammad Wā‘iz., 116, 236 n Muḥammad Yār Khān. 172&n Muḥkam Singh Khatrī, 172&n
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Muḥsin-uz-Zamān, 200 n muḥtasib (superintendent of markets, officer to take cognisance of impropriety & indecency), 241 Mu‘izzabād, sarkār, 146; jama‘& ḥāṣil of, 146 n Mu‘izz-ud-Dīn, Prince, see Jahāndār Shāh mujtahid, 31 n MuKhliṣ, Ānand Rām, xliv, xlv, li, 45; on Khatrīs & state service, 134 n;173, 175 n, 176 n;
on Turanīs position in the Punjab, 298–9 Mullā Niz̤ām-ud-Dīn, founded Dars-i Niẓāmī system, 222 n Mullā Pīr Muḥammad Wā‘iz, 149 Mullā Qutb-ud-Dīn of S Sahali, 122&n, 122 n, 224 n Multan, city, trade … routes through, 143–5, 146&n, 186, 187, 297;
revenues of, 146, 185, 297 Multan, province, li, 69 n, 81, 82, 83, 87&n, 92, 143, 144–5, 146&n, 168, 185–6, 187&n, 298, 300; zamīndāwrs of, 141, 142, 187 n, 297&n &the governor of the Punjab, 293, 294, 296, 299, 310 Multan, sarkār, 185 Mumin Khān Najm-i S̤ānī;, 291 Mun‘im Khān, wazīr under Bahādur Shāh,, 22&n, 23, 70, 76, 162;
tries to control the Punjab, 76, 78–, 80&n, 87 n, 138
his jāgīr&in‘ām, 192&n &shaiKhzādas, 228 Munnuganj, 253&n muqaddamī, 114 Murād Khan, 72 n Murīd Khan, escorts the treasury from Beṉgal to the court, 264 n Murtaz. ā Khān, gets jāgīrs in the Benaras region, 132&n, 134 Murtaẓa Khan Bahādur Shāhī, 132 n Murtazanagar, 102&n Murshidabad, liv, 12, 74 n Murshid Qulī Khān, 59 n, 60, 73&n, 242 musā‘ada (advance payment), 29 Mūsawī Khan, 167 n mushrif (overseer, examiner), xxvii, 192 n Muslims, xxvi, xxxiii, xxxix, xl, xlv, xlvi, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, l, lvii–lviii, lx, 96, 117, 119 n, 120–2, 124, 129, (p.373) 238–9; reaction to Aurangzeb’s policies, 3; traders, 26 n; theologians&the Mughal rulers, 30, 117–19, 135;
152; & the Sikhs, 148–9, 154–6, 167 n Mustafabad, 192 mustājir (revenue farmer), 220 n, 253 mustaufī (auditor), 173 muta‘ahhid (lease contractor, revenue farmer), 219 n mutaṣaddī (clerk), 85, 90, 172, 195, 296
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mutawallī. 115 (caretaker of madad-i-ma‘āsh grants, 115 Mut̤ahhir ‘Alī Khān & pargana Rasulabad, 218 Muz̤affar ‘Alī Khān, governor of Ajmer, 39;
governor of Awadh, 68&n, 72, 73, 98, 228, 233 Muz̤affar Khān, brother of Ṣamṣām-ud-Daulah, 68 n,
tries to obtain the governorship of the PPunjab, 83;
problems of his jāgīrs in Awadh, 210&n his associateṣ&court politics, 228, 247&n, 248 n Muz̤affar Khān Bārha, 68 n Muz̤affarganj, 253 Nabha, 181 Nabigarh/Nabingar, 281&n Nadaun, 158 n Nādir Shāh, xix, liv, 51, 180, 189, 283&n, 284, 311, 317;
impact of his invasion, 51–3, 180, 189, 203, 235, 269 n, 280–231&n, 296–231&n Nahan, 158 n Nāhar Rohillā, 34 n nā’b (lil, deputy) deputy governor, 76, 88, 233, 242, 291, 293, 300, 316;
also in Awadh a district officer, 213&n, 220 n, 225 n Naihasthas of Awadh, 215 n Nakodar, 154, 183, 203, 204&n Nānak, Gurū, 2 n, 137 n, 147, 149, 156 n, 167;
rejected both Brahminism & Islām, 155 Nand Lāl Omar of Mirzapur, 252 Nand Singh Sanghānia of Rāmgarhiyā mis̤l., 182 n Nanhe Khān, 196 naqd (cash payment), 36; disadvantages of, 37 Naqshbandī, xxx, xxxvi, xxxvii, li, 118&n Narnaul, 248 n Narok, 187 n Narāyan Dikshit, 277 Nasirabad, 215 n, 219 n Nāsir Jang, son of Niz̤am-ul-Mulk, 278 n, 278 n Nāṣir Khan, 34 n, 85 n, 88, 193, 196–7 Nāṣir Khan Afghan, 121 N aṣīr-ud-Dīn Ḥaidar, 284 n Naushahra, 186 Nawal Rāi, deputy governor of Awadh, 218, 237 n, 240, 242, 276, 279 n Nawal Rāi qānūngo, 196 Nawal Singh Gaur, a zamīndār of Sarkār Khairabad, 218 n nāz̤im (administrator, governor) replacing faujdār, 214&n, 216, 220 n, 235, 242, 316 nāz̤ir-i darbār, 288 n Nekū Siyar, & the Agra tumult of 1719, 231 New World, 307 Nirmal School of Sikh philosophy, 156 n niyābat (deputy governorship), 76, 78, 213, 214, 289, 293 n, 294 n;
(deputyship), 132 n Nizamabad, 101, 250
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(p.374) Nodha Singh of Sukarchakiā mis̤l., 182 n Noner, 98 n, 112 Nur Mahal, faujdār of, 80 n; town, 145 Nurpur, 158 n, 159, 161&n, 169 n, 171 188 Nurpura, 211 Nur Sarai, 154 Omars, a trading community of Mirzapur, 252 Orissa, 73, 237 n Ottomans, xlvii, 185 pāhul, 152&n, 156 pāibāqī, 7, 68, 133, 194, 195&n, 196, 209 Pali, 128 Palibaith, 187 n Panjgarh, 182 n Panhan, 107, 130 n Panipat, lviii, 132 n, 289 n 293; Panth, 182 Panwars of Baiswara, 218 pargana (administrative division of a sarkār), its organization & kin territory, 109 Parinda, 97 parwāna (letter from a man in power), 120, 128 n, 220 n, 225, 227, 241 Pasnajat, 113 n Pasrur, 179, 200 n; revenues of, 295, 297 Patiala, 181 Patiali, 264 Patna, 12, 34, 73 n, 229, 230, 237 n, 249, 277, 311 Pearson, M. N., 4, 8; his explanation of the decline of the Mughal empire, 5 Pem Singh, 219 Perlin, Frank, 42 n Persia, 12, 16, 44, 136, 143, 185; trade with, 144, Persian envoy, 296 Peshawar, 144 peshkār (manager for a superior official), 17, 85, 194, 196, 198 peshkash (present, tribute), 50, 157, 159, 163, 196, 209, 210, 243, 283&n, 286, 263, 271 Peshwā, 248, 273, 275 n, 276 n, 277, 278&n 280 Phaphamau, 236 n Phillaur, 142, 145, 183, 192 n Phulkiān states, 181 Phulpur, 253 Pīlaji Jadav, 273, 274 Pir Kanu, 143 Pīr Muḥammad Bhaṭṭī, 167 n Pishin, 143 pīyādas (infantry), 53, 161, 186, 187 n, 227 n, 228, 231, 235 n
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Pratāp Narāin, son of Ātmā Rām, 240 Pratāp Rāi, 241 prices of foodgrains, 222 n; at Mathura, 26; at Delhi, 26–7 n, 32–3 n, 48&n, 52; in eastern Rajasthan, 27 n, 33 n; at Allahabad, 33 n; at Lahore, 27 n; at Jalesar, 43; in northern India, 48; in Bihar & Bengal, 48 n; at Agra, 48–9 n; & the rise in jama‘dāmī, 106 Prinsep, Henry, 182 Punjab, xxx, li, lix, 7, 9, 11, 36, 44, 47, 55, 59, 135, 178, 206, 228, 231 n, 237 n, 287, 289;
governors of, 76, 79, 81, 83, 224, 280&n, 294–8, 303, 310, 316;
dīwāns of, 76, 85, 86, 89, 90&n, 91, 92, 93, 172, 181;
& the court, 86–7&n, 88–91, 135, 137&n, 138 n, 157, 159, 163, 164 n, 166–8, 290–
300; problems of local administration (p.375) in, 166–7, 168–71, 182, 191–205, 304;
popular uprisings in, 1, 13, 28 n, 138, 141–2, 149–57, 162, 170 n, 177, 179–83, 185–
8, 202–3, 305, 317, 319 zamīndār castes of, 137, 138–9, 141–9, 150, 151, 153–4;
chieftaincies in, 137&n, 138 n; revenues of, 145–6, 154, 156, 159, 185, 190, 194–5, 198, 203
towns & trade of, 143–4, 153, 154, 164, 176&n, 179, 183, 185–6, 201–2, 205, 306,
318; & north-western borders, 294–8, 300; Nādir Shāh’s invasion & its consequences for, 180, 189, 203. pūras (towns/village settlements), 105 Purwa, 216 Qābil Ram, a Khatrī, 173 qabẓ, 208&n Qā’im Khān, 228, 260; & the governor of Awadh, 267–8, 271, 272; Qamar-ud-Dīn Khān, xxi, lviii, lxiv, 50 n, 246 n, 247 n, 268, 288, 289
position, associates & court politics, 70 n, 191, 272, 284, 285, 286, 292;
appointed wazir, 46; governor of the Punjab & Multan as leader of the Tūrānīs, 299;
his jāgirs in, 131, 134, 211, 262&n; & Qā’im Khan, 267 Qanauj, sarkār, 102, 265, 267&n, 273 n Qanauj, town, 105, 213, 265 n Qandahar, sarkār, 146 n Qandahar, town, 12, 136, 185; trade & road through, 143, 144, 145, 318 qānūngo (local revenue official to record and supply information concerning the revenue receipts, area statistics, revenue-rates, and customs & practices), 100, 107, 115&n, 120, 130, 148, 201, 202, 209, 213, 214, 215 n, 217&n, 225, 239, 240, 250 n 252
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qaṣba (small town), 105, 234, 239 Qāsim Khān, 87 n Qasur, 88, 150, 203, 204&n qāẓī (judge), 114, 115, 116, 118&n, 122&n, 123 n, 148, 198, 213, 222–5&n, 234, 236 n, 237 n, 304, 309 Qazilbāsh in Awadh army, 244, 271 n, 315 Qaẓī Muḥammad ‘Alā, 119 Qidwāi Shaikh, 224 n qila‘dār (fort commandant), 44 Qilīch Muḥammad Khān, 60, 64 n; governor of Awadh, 65&n, 233; problems of his jāgīrs, 192 n Qurbān Beg Khān, 192 n Qut̤b-ud-Dīn Khān, 79 n, 80 n, 88 Rachna Doab, 142, 143, 149, 154, 175, 186, 187&n, 196&n Ra‘d Andāz Khan, faujdār of Baiswara, 72 n, 75, 102 n, 121, 125&n, 233 Rae Bareli, 72 n, 105, 215 n, 219 n Rafi‘-ud-Daula, xxxv, 132 n Raghunāth Singh, 241 rāhdārī (road toll), unlawfully exacted, 26 n, 43, 103, 193, 201 Raḥīmullāḥ Khān, 79 n Rahon, 145, 148, 187, 196, 196, 197, 204 Rai Bhog Chand, 197 Rāi Durlabh, 90 n Rāi Fateḥ Chand, 241 Rāi Ghāsī Rām, 194 Rāi Phūl Chand, 173 Raja Bhakht āwar, zamīndār of Dadyal, 162 Rajasthan, 27 n, 33–4n Rajauri, 158 n, 161 Rajgir, 224 n Rajhat, 74 n (p.376) Rajpur, 250 Rājpūts, xxix, xxxviii, xlii, 1, 13, 28 n, 31, 50, 61&n, 143, 163, 276, 308;
revolted in Etawah, 34; clans & revolts in Awadh, 96&n, 99, 101, 102&n, 105, 108, 121, 122, 124, 217,
218&n, 219, 250, 263, 305; of the Punjab, 143, 147, 150&n Ramgarh-Gauri, 74 n Rām Narāin, son of ātmā Rām, 240, 274 Rampur, 252 Rampura, near Benaras, 276 n Rampura hills, the Sikhs in, 150 Ram Raumi, 181 Ranbirpur, 97, 107 Rāngaṛs & the Sikhs, 147 Ranipur, 131 Ranjīt Dev, a Jammu hill chief, 189 Ranjīt Singh, Mahrājā, 144
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Rashidabad alias Sioli, 264 Rashīd Khan, 74 n Rasulabad, 218 Ratan Chand, xxii, xlix; & extension of ijāra practice, 40, 43&n, 133;
leads expedition against Girdhar Bahadur, 71;
influences the wazīr, 172, 176, 197 Rāthors, 2, 61 n, 66 n, 168 Ravi, 139, 159, 182 n, 187, 204 rāẓīnāma (a deed of agreement, written assent), 295 n Rennell, James, his map & description of roads, 102 n, 103&n ri’āyā, 49, 100–1, 149–50, 201, 223, 243, 264 Richards, J. F., 4; on the imperial crisis in the Deccan, 7 risāladārs (commanders of risālas, or troops of horse), 50, 220 n risāla-i shamsher dāgh, 54 Rohillā, ’Alī Muḥammad Khān, 134; as ijāradār, 221; his neighbours & court politïcs, 266&n, 268–72, 310, 317;
as faujdār of Sirhind, 271, 294 Rohillā, Bahādur Khān, 260 n Rohillā, Daryā Khān, 260 n Rohilkhand, 256 Rohillās, 34 n, 234, 249, 268, 272; imperial campaign against, 131, 266–7, 270&n;
& Ṣafdar Jang, 268–72,; & the Bangash Afghāns, 234, 268, 270 n Ropar, 150&n Rudauli, 215 n, 219 n, 226 Rudrapur, 270 Rudra Singh, a Gautam Rājpūt zamīndār, 251 Rūḥ-ul-Amīn Khān of Bilgram, 22, 99 n, 179, 217, 223 n, 228, 232, 233, 234 242 n Rūḥullāh Khān, 176, 227 n Rūp Singh, son of Bhagwant Udārū, 273 n Russians, 185 Rustam Dil Khān, 45, 63 n, 79 n; leads campaigns against the Sikhs, 159, 161, 164;
retires in disgust, 166 Rustam Khān, 121, 252 Sa’ādat Kār Khān, 87 n Sabhā Chand, 195, 198 Sabhā Chand, Zulfiqār Khān’s associate, 171–2 Sadauli, 97, 99 n Sachchā Bādshāh, 147, 317 Sadhaura, the Sikhs in, 141, 192 Sadiqabad, 187 ṣadr (official in charge of ecclesiatical departments), 66 n, 115 Sadrpur, 96, 113 n, 123 n, 218 n Sa’d-ud-Dīn Khan, 53, 248 n, 284
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(p.377) Sa‘dullāh Khān, son of ‘Ināyatullāh Kashmīrī, as deputy wazīr under Bahādur Shāh, 22 Safavids, 183, 185 Ṣafdar Jang, 10 n, 53, 68, 110 n, 111, 121, 190, 206, 220 n, 232, 254, 257, 262, 265 n, 282, 310, 316, 317; his expedition to assist ‘Alī Virdī Khān, 54, 55;
& the Rohillās, 54; 55, 268–72; & the court, 54, 264&n, 270, 278&n, 279, 282–90, 299, 311, 313;
& jāgīr administration, 209, 211, 212; & Awadh government, 213, 242–4; makes arrangements with the z̤amīndārs, 216, 217 n, 219&n, 279;
& madad-i ma‘as-h, 225&n; & local elements, 227, 236–8&n, 242, 314–15;
& the Afghāns around Awadh, 265, 266–8, 315;
& the Bundelas, 279; & the Marāthās, 275–9; & the Bhadauriās, 279–80; & the areas around Awadh, 282–5, 286–7, 288 Safiganj, 218 Safipur, 217 Sahali, 122 n, 124, 222 n, 225 n Saharanpur, sarkār, 132 n, 148, 170 n; the Sikhs raid, 141&n; Gūjar uprisings in, 149&n Sehanda (Seondha), 227 Sahsaram, 229, 264 sāhūkārs (merchants/bankers) supported Mughals against the Sikhs, 9, 32 n, 153, 175, 249 Sahya, 123 n Sai, 103, 107 Saidanpur, 215 n, 219 n Saif Khān, 61 n, 64 n Saif-ud-Dīn Bārha, 87 n Saipur, 106, 107, 120, 125 n sā’ir (taxes in addition to the land revenue), 68, 74 n, 134, 145, 185, 202, 220 n Saiyid ‘Abdullāh Khān, 39 n, 48; & the Jāt̤s, 35, 40, 43&n, 46, 81 n; his associates/ court politics, 66 n, 67 n, 69–71, 84 n, 88 n, 89 n, 90 n, 92, 93, 171 n,
172, 177, 194 n, 229, 230, 231–2, 233, 246;
& the province, 68–70, 82&n, 86&n, 87, 89&n, 193, 197 n, 200&n, 201–4, 232–4 Saiyid Aḥmad Kḥān, 133 Saiyid Amīr ‘Alī Riẓwī, 250 n Saiyid ‘Azmatullāh, chief of Rajauri, 161 Saiyid Brothers, see Saiyid ‘Abdullāh Khān & Saiyid Ḥusain ‘Alī Khān Saiyid Ghairat Khān, 231 Saiyid Ghulām Muhī’-ud-Dīn, 125 Saiyid Ḥabībullāh, 114 Saiyid Ḥasan Khān Bārha, 87 n 174 Saiyid Ḥusain ‘Alī Khān, xxx, xxxix, 39 n, 45 n, 48, 69 n, 82 n, 89 n, 176;
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his affluence in contrast to the crisis of the imperial treasury, 39–40, 43&n, 46;
defies imperial orders in the Deccan, 44;
his associates/court politics, 66 n, 68 n, 70&n, 71, 81 n, 84 n, 171 n, 172, 176, 194
n, 200 n, 204, 228, 229, 230, 231–2, 233;
his jāgīrs, 193 Saiyid ‘Inayatullāh, 149 Saiyid Ja‘far ‘Alī, 131 Saiyid Maḥmūd Khān, 90 n Saiyid Muḥammad, 113 n Saiyid Munawwar ‘Alī Tirmīẕī, 235 n Saiyid Muḥammad Ghaus̤, 224 Saiyid Najm-ud-Dīn ‘Ali Khān Bārha, campaigns against the Gūjars, 170&n, Saiyids, 65 n, 68 n, 71, 109, 120, 121, 123 n, 154, 194, 204, 218 n, 224, 230, 237, 238 Saiyid ṣalābat Khān, 193, 197, 198, 252 (p.378) Saiyids of Bārha, xxviii, xxx–xxxi, 43 n, 49 239 Saiyid Tāj-ud-Dīn Bārha, 149 n Sakhi Sarwar, 143 Salhariās, a caste in the Punjab, 186&n, 204, 319 Salimgarh, fort of, 159 Salon, 105, 119 n, 215 n 219 n Salt Range (Shamsabad Namaksār), 86, 91, 200 n;
revenues of, 295 Samba, 158 n, 161 Sambhal, xliv, 103, 102, 228 Ṣamṣတm-ud-Daulah, Khān-i Daurတn, for a change in imperial principle, 50–1;
& Persian invasion, 52, 280–1&n; position at the court, politics, & the province, 68&n, 83, 84 n, 86&n, 87&n, 175–6,
191, 194, 203, 204, 247&n, 248, 249, 260–1&n, 262 n, 265 n, 273, 274&n, 275, 292,
294; his jāgīrs in, 209–10, 261, 281 n; & the Indian Muslims, 230, 231, 232&n Samugarh, 82 n Sandi, 96, 126, 217, 239 Sandila, 105, 122 n, 126, 128, 213 n, 217&n, 224 n, 225, 235 n, 240 Ṣāni‘Qulī Khān, 271 n Sanjar Khan, 127–8, 131, 229, 231, 233 Sarah, 128 sarā’i (large building for the shelter of travellers), 103, 126 Sarā’i Akbarpūr, 279 n Sarā’i Shāh ‘Alam, 223 n sarbat Khālsa, 182 Sarbuland Khān, xxvi, 54, 81 n, 227 n; governor of Awadh, 65&n, 97, 98&n, 111, 112;
his links with the Shaikhzādas, 65, 171 n, 224, 227&n, 228, 231, 232&n, 235 n,
238; governor of Kabul, 88&n, 196; his jāgīrs, 193, 196, 197&n, 227; governor of Allahabad, Gujarat & court politics, 227, 241, 246 n, 247 n, 261, 262 n,
263 n
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Sareli, 97 n, 215 n Sarfarāz Khān, 152 n, 167&n Sarfarāz Khān, governor of Bengal, 53, 282 n Sarhani, 186 sarkār administrative division of a province, establishment of a noble/prince, 39, 172, 194 n Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, 102, 289; his explanation of the decline of the Mughal empire, 2 Saroman Dās, 126, 239–40 Saroman Nagar, 126 sarrishtadār, 115 n Satarsāl Bundela, 260 n sawāniḥgārs (newsreporters), 199 sawār manṣab, 36 sawārs (cavalry), 34 n, 53, 161, 186, 187 n, 193, 228, 235 n sazāwal, 86, 198 Sehwan, road through, 143, 145; revenues of, 146, 231 n Selak, 123 n, 213, 220 n Shahabad, in suba Delhi, 192 Shahabad, in Awadh, 69, 99 n, 128, 131, 192, 211, 226, 234, 260&n, 264 Shāh ‘Ata Ashraf & the zamīndār of Tiloi, 122 Shahbazpur, 271 n Shah Bhīka, 48 n Shahdād Khān Khweshgi, 84&n, 85 Shahgarh, 251 Shāhjahan, 114 n, 118, 146 n, 252 Shahjahanabad, see Delhi Shāh Jahangīr Ashraf, 122 shaḥnā (a watchman, a kotwal), 253 Shah Nahr, 139 (p.379) Shāhnawāz khān, 300 ShaiKh ‘Abdullāh, an ijāradār in the Benaras region, 286 n Shaikh Abd-ur-Rahmān, 198 Shaikh Aḥmadullāh, 229 Shaikh Alī Ḥazīn, 280 n Shaikh Dost Muḥammad, 226 Shaikh Farīd-ud-Dīn BuKhārī & the revenueSin Awadh, 207 n Shaikh Ghulām Mīnā, 235 n Shaikh Ghulām Muḥammad, 122 n Shaikh Ilāh Yār Durvesh, 148 Shaikh Ilāhyār of Bilgram, 22, 227–8 Shaikh Izzatullāh, 122 n Shaikh Jārullāh, 223 n Shaikh Karīm Alī, 115 n Shaīkh Khairullāh, 130 n, 131 Shaikh Muḥammad Akbar, 235 n Shaikh Muḥammad Sliḥ, 134 n, 237 n Shaikh Muizz-ud-Dīn, 236
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Shaikh Murtaẓa Ḥusain of Bilgram, 227, 232&n Shaikh Niz̤am-ud-Dīn of Amethi, 122 n Shaikh Pīr Muḥammad, 228 Shaikh S̤anā ullāh, 127 Shaikhzdas, 7, 13, 65–6, 75, 105 n, in imperial service, 22, 315;
& the provincial government, 231–39, 243, 244
of Awadh, 223&n, 224, 228–9, 231, 233, 314 Shakar Khera, 248 Shākir Khān, xxxi, 48 n Shams Khān, campaigns against the Sikhs, 150, 154 Shamsher Khān, an Afghān noble from Awadh, 127, 128, 129, 131, 232 Shamsher Khan, chelā of the Bangash chief, 267 n Shamsher Khan, governor of Awadh, 26 n, 61 n, 64 n Shankarpur, 97 Sharīa (the canon law of Islam) & the state matters, 31 n, 117; 282 n Sher Afgan Khān, lviii, lix, 132&n, 187 n, 293 Sher Jang, 235 n; claims governorship of Awadh, 282&n 283 n Shikarpur, 144 Shikārpūrīs, Khatrīs, 144 Shikohabad, 264 Shimr, a general in Yazīd’s army, 232 Shivājī, 248 Shivalik hills, 169 Shujāat Khān, lv, 82 n, 246 n Shujabad, 144 Shujā-ud-Daulah, governor of Bengal, 53 Shujud-Daulah, son of Ṣafdar Jung, xxxvi, lvi–lvii, 53, 216 n, 288–9, 317;
appointed mtish, 289 shurafā, 100, 120, 148–9, 224, 234 n, 237 shuqqā (a letter from a superior), lvii, 280 Sialkot, faujdars of, 8687 n, 92, 153, 154, 180 n, 186, 194, 199, 200 n, 204&n, 228, 318;
&Nädir Shāh’Sinvasion, 297 Sialkot, town, 183 Sibi, 144 Siddīqī, Abd-ul-Jalīl, 118 n Siddiqi, N. A., 20, 110 n, 220 n Sidhaur, 120, 121 Sidh Sen, chief of Mandi, 162 n sih-bandī, 37&n Sikandra, in Agra province, 35 Sikandrabad, 132 n Sikhism, 137 n, 146, 152, 155–6 Sikhs, xxx, 64&n, 79, 83 n, 178–9; under Gobind Singh, 137–8&n, 152&n, 156 n, 177
under Banda Bahadur, 28&n, 31, 136–7, 138–9, (p.380) 141, 148–9, 166, 167 n,
169–72, 177, 183, 205, 318 caste & class composition of, 141, 146–9, 151, 202–3;
& the Afghāns, 144, 150&n, 161;
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& the Bhattīs, 141; & the Gujars, 141, 149, 150, 151; & the Kharals, 141; & Khatrīs & traders, 144, 146, 147, 149, 151–2, 154, 171–7;
& the Hindūs, 154, 155–6, 167; & the Himalayan chiefs, 157–65, 169–10; sects, 177, 179; tried to be reconciled, 178, 179, 181; reorganized after Banda, 179–11, 181–82&n
Mughal failure against, 182–7, 319 Sindhiᾱ, Jayoti, 278 n Sindh, province, 142, 144, 145 n, 186, 231 n Sindh, the river, 203 Sindh Sagar Doab, 141, 149, 186; maḥᾱls of, 145 Singhā Gaur, zamīndār of sarkār Khairabad, 101, 121 n Singh, Dilbagh, ix, 40 n Siohar, 264 Sirhindī, Shaikh Aḥmad, xxxvii, 118&n Sirhind, sarkār/chaklā, 84 n, 237 n; zamīndārs & popular uprisings in, 138, 139, 141&n, 142&n, 147–8, 150, 271;
sāhūkārs of, 153; & the Punjab, 294 Sirhind, town, 84 n, 148, 153 n, 156, 169, 174, 179, 231 Sirmur, 158&n, 159, 164, 168–9 Sirmur hills, 141, 169 Sironj, 211 Sitā Rām, a Delhi merchant, 53 Smith, Cantwell, 9&n Sonepat, 90 n Srinagar-Garhwal, xxxvi, 12, 158&n, 169&n , 170&n, S rivastava, A. L., 110 n, 218 n, 262 n, 266 n, 273 n, 279 n ṣūba-i mulkī, 16, 245 S Subeha, 215 n, 219 n sub-Himalayan zones, 143, 318 ‘Successor State’, 14, 51, 178, 244, 313 Sujān Rāi Bhandārī, on the seventeenth century Punjab, xlv, 183 Sujauli, 74 n Sukarchak, 182 n Sultān ‘Alī Khān, 76 n, 79 n Sultanpur Bilehri, in Awadh, 212 Sultanpur, in the Punjab, 183 Sultans of Delhi, 18, 307 Sumanpur, 123 Sutlej, 81, 138, 139, 142, 147, 193 n; road across, 143, 196 suyūrghāl, (revenue & cash grant, madad-i ma‘āsh-i), 112–3, 118 ta‘alluqa, 98, 101, 115, 187, 219 n 220, 330 ta‘alluqadārs, 97–110, 110, 220 n
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ta‘ahhud (lease contract, engagement with the government for the payment of the revenue), 197, 198, 219–20&n, 243, 255 n, 285, 316, 320 Tabātabā’ī, Ghulām Husain, xxxi, xlix, 277 Tabrez, Indian traders in, 144 Tahmāsp Qulī Khān, 297 taḥṣīl (area under the jurisdiction of a collector; lit. collection), 215 n Takia, 215 n, 219 n Talwan, 162, 163, 203, 204&n tankhwāh jāgīr, 75, 211 ṭappa (a division of country, smaller than a pargana), 100, 113, 115, 131, 145, 186, 216, 241 taqāwī (loan to encourage cultivation), 256 n Tārā Chand, 113 n (p.381) Taragarh, 193 Tarīn Khān, 229 TamTaran, 145 Tarūn Dal, 180, 182 n taṣ ḥīḥa (verification, muster), 225 n Tatva Kh ā lsa, 179 taufīr, 209 thāna (a police & military post), 98, 141, 159, 161, 188, 192&n, 195, 220 n, 260 thānadār (officer in charge of a thāna), 98, 135, 148, 195 Thanesar, 148, 156, 192&n, 193 n Thānesarī, Jalāl-ud-Dīn, his view of land grants, 117 Thara, 84 n Thatta, 47, 81, 82, 83, 87–8, 92, 293, 294, 297 Tīka Rām, 239, 240 Tiloi, 98, 110, 122&n, 215 n, 219 Tons, the river, 251 topkhāna (artillery, arsenal), 138, 271, 287 n Travadīs, 42 n Turānīs, nobles, xx, xxx, lix, 16 19 n, 21, 22, 23;
& court politics, 46, 84 n, 87, 89 n, 246&n, 313, 318;
& Persian invasion, 51; their position in the Punjab, 299 n Udai Narāin Bundela, 260 n Udat Singh, 216 Ujjainiyās of Bihar, 101, 215 n, 227 ‘ulamā (Muslim theologians & divines), 30&n, 31 n, 117, 118, 119 ulūs (kinsfolk), 125 ‘Umar Ghāzī, 150 n ‘Umar Khan Khweshgī, 192 n Umarkot,ṛoad through, 143 Unao, 97, 125, 218 n Unchhapur, 113 n ‘ushr (tithe, in contradistinction of Kh arāj/māl), 117 Uttar Pradesh, 113, 157 Vadhera, Ganesh Das, on Khatrīs & Khālsa, 152 n;
on non-Sikhs in Sikh territory, 156
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vakīl (agent/representative), 28, 7, 50, 71, 76, 174, 176, 197, 223, 240, 242, 260 n, 278 n, 282, 295 n Vindhyachal, 277 Vithojī Bule, 273 wājib-ul-‘arẓ (a petition, an agreement relating to the mode of payment of the revenue, shares & holdings), 219 n wālāshāhīs, 86 n, 87 n, 194, 231, 318 Walī Muḥammad, 116 Wan, 201 waqā’i‘nigārs (news-reporters), 28, 58, 79 n, 85 waqā’ i‘ ε sawāniḥ (news-events), 200 Wārid, 47 wat̤an̄ jāgīr, 127 Wazīr, (chief revenue minister), 21, 49; & the province, 68, 90, 92–3, 111, 284 Wazirabad, pargana, 80; faujdārs, 78&n, 198; & Nādir Shāh, 297 Wazirabad, town, 80 n, 145, 183, 201&n, 202&, 203 Wazīr Khān, Ḥakīm ‘Ilm-ud-Dīn, 80 n wilāyat (independent territory ), 263 Wink, Andre, 40 n wizārat (office of the wazīr), 22, 79 yāddāsht (memorandum), 29 Yahya Khān, 289 n, 300 Yamunā, 12, 139, 141, 142, 147, 238, 248, 274 (p.382) yasāwal (a state messenger), 283 n yaumīyas (daily allowances), xxxix, 292 Yazīd (Umayyid ruler, opponent of Ḥusain), 232 Zabardast Khān, governor of the Punjab, 82&n Zafarabad, 98 Z̤afar Khān, Roshan-ud-Daulah, lviii, lix, 48 n, 50, 261 n;
accumulates wealth unlawfully, 47; & court politics, 246, 247&;n, 249, 295 Zain Khān, 236 n Zakariyā Khān, 84, 86 n, 90, 224; 280 n, 281;
& court, 290, 291, 298, 300; & the zamīndārs & the Sikhs, 181, 182, 298; 299;
his failure as new ṣūbadār explained, 182–3, 185, 189–90, 297–8, 313, 318;
offices held in the Punjab, 194, 199, 297;
his governorship of the Punjab & Multan, 204, 224, 280, 291 n, 293, 294, 296, 298,
299, 310, 318; & Persian invasion, 280&n, 296–7&n zamīndārs, position & genesis, 94–5; castes & clans, 96, 124, 141–42, 186, 187&n, 189, 203–4, 215 n, 216, 218, 223,
224; defiance & uprisings, 34–6, 48–9, 96–9, 138–41, 147, 179, 186–7, 195, 196, 197,
252, 263–4, 305; rebels & the peasants & others, 34–5, 100–101, 110, 150, 153–4, 309;
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uprisings reviewed, 42, 101–107, 109, 306–7, 308;
& Mughal administration, 110–12, 124–6; ‘autonomous’———& the Mughals, 95, 157–66, 168–71, 186–88; 190–91, 299;
arrangements with, 214–21 ẓawābit̤ (state-laws), 116 Ẓiā Khān, 65 n Ziyād (Yazīd’s agent & general in Karbalā), 232 Zulfiqār Jang, Sa‘ādat Khān, 290 Zulfiqār Khān, xxvii–xxviii, 21, his politics & associates, 61&n, 63&n, 76&n, 79&n, 81&n, 82 n, 91, 171, 172, 177;
& the Sikh question, 165, 166, 168, 202
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