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161Evaluating Evaluations of Innovation

Policy: Exploring Reliability, Methods,

and Conﬂicts of Interest

Elias Collin, Christian Sandström, and Karl Wennberg

Abstract Expansions of innovation policies have been paralleled with an increase in the evaluations of such policies. Yet, there are few systematic evaluations of how such evaluations are conducted, by whom, and their overall conclusions. We analyze 110 evaluations of innovation policy in Sweden from 2005 to 2019. Our ﬁndings show that the majority of these evaluations are positive, about one-third are neutral in their conclusions, and very few are negative. The majority of evaluations were conducted by consulting ﬁrms, close to one-third by expert government agencies, and around 10% by university researchers or as self-evaluations by the governmental agencies responsible for the policy themselves. Few evaluations employed causal methods to assess the potential effects of policies. We discuss conﬂicts of interest and question the reliability of evaluations of innovation policy.

Keywords Evaluation · Consultants · Evaluating practice · Meta-Evaluation · Sweden · Innovation policy

E. Collin (*) School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden e-mail: elias.collin@fek.lu.se C. Sandström Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden The Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: christian.sandstrom@ju.se K. Wennberg Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: karl.wennberg@hhs.se