208J.-E. Bergkvist et al.

Table 1 Strategic Innovation Programs (evaluated in 2020) Innovation program Innovation area BioInnovation Renewable biological resources. SIO Grafen Industrial graphene development IoT Sweden Internet of Things Smarter Electronics Systems (SES) Smarter electronic systems Swelife Life science Innovair Aeronautics

100%

2%

5%

7%

7%

7%

9%

9%

5%

90%

2%

7%

25%

8%

20%

12%

12%

28%

80%

16%

3%

19%

4%

70%

15%

4%

29%

60%

26%

10%

29%

34%

18%

50%

27%

40%

1%

11%

30%

52%

47%

43%

20%

39%

36%

35%

33%

10%

0%

Innovair

BioInnovaon

Swelife

SES

IoT Sweden

SIO Grafen

Total

Universies

Instutes

SME's

Large enterprises

Public sector

Foregin companies

Other

Fig. 1 Share of Public Funding by Actor Type (Projects Funded 2014–2019). Source: Technopolis (2020)

evaluations. Seventeen strategic innovation programs have been granted funding in four rounds. Six programs were evaluated in 2020. These are presented in Table 1.

The Swedish Innovation Agency (Vinnova) estimates that the total budget for all the SIP programs (over 12 years) will amount to approximately 16 billion Swedish Krona (SEK) (approximately US$1.9 billion). Of this, an estimated 5.9 billion SEK consists of public funding through the SIP instrument and an additional 1.3 billion SEK through collaboration programs. Additional funding is expected to come from the private sector and other societal actors. Figure 1 shows how public funding has been allocated among different types of actors.

Universities and large institutes have received most public funding. Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) participate to a high degree in the programs Swelife and SIO Grafen, and to a relatively large extent also in the programs IoT Sweden, SES, and BioInnovation, while SME participation in Innovair is small. It is Third-Generation Innovation Policy: System Transformation or Reinforcing. . .

209Table 2 Largest recipients of public funding in Swedish Strategic Innovation Programs (A) Twenty largest recipients of public funding

(B) Twenty largest recipients of public funding in projects 2014–2019, including coordination

in projects 2014–2019, excluding coordination funding funding 1. Research Institutes of Sweden 1. Research Institutes of Sweden 2. Chalmers University of Technology 2. Chalmers University of Technology 3. Lund University 3. Lund University 4. Linköping University 4. Linköping University 5. KTH Royal Institute of Technology 5. KTH Royal Institute of Technology 6. GKN Aerospace AB 6. GKN Aerospace AB 7. Luleå University of Technology 7. Luleå University of Technology 8. Saab AB 8. Saab AB 9. Uppsala University 9. Research Institutes of Sweden COMP 10. Research Institutes of Sweden COMP 10. Research Institutes of Sweden IVF 11. Research Institutes of Sweden IVF 11. Innventia 12. Innventia 12. Karolinska Institute 13. Karolinska Institute 13. Region Västra Götaland 14. Swedish Air Transport Society 14. Mid Sweden University 15. Chalmers Industriteknik 15. University West 16. Region Västra Götaland 16. Umeå University 17. Arbio 17. Uppsala university 18. Mid Sweden University 18. Swedish Environmental Research Institute 19. University West 19. Mälardalen University 20. Association of Swedish Engineering 20. Swedish University of Agricultural Industries Sciences

also noticeable that large companies receive relatively large volume of public funding. Column A in Table 2 shows the 20 largest recipients of public funding in projects between 2014 and 2019, including coordination funds and by distribution of funding within individual recipient of public funding, followed by Chalmers University of Technology (CTH), LU, Linköping University (LIU), and the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). GKN Aerospace (GKN) and Saab have received significant public funding, although most of this funding has been earmarked for specific demonstration projects. When we exclude funding for coordination of the different programs, there is little differences in the top 20 funding receivers, as shown in column B in Table 2. RISE remains the largest recipient of public funding and Chalmers University of Technology remains the second largest receiver.

As this analysis shows, when looking into the details of how funds are distributed and which activities are actually carried out, SIP appears somewhat detached from what theory says about the third generation of innovation policy in support of system transformation. Money is primarily transferred to larger organizations such as universities and large industrial firms. As these actors can be considered part of the established socio-technical regime, who are also collaborating with each other, we would expect these efforts to strengthen the current socio-technical regime rather than niche experiments.

210J.-E. Bergkvist et al.

Strategic Centers for Science, Technology,

and Innovation (SHOK) in Finland

In 2008, the Strategic Centers for Science, Technology, and Innovation (SHOK) were launched in Finland. The initiative was financed by The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, TEKES. During the period 2008–2012,