211Third-Generation Innovation Policy: System Transformation or Reinforcing. . .

were removed and instead focus on different sectors of the economy that would collaborate more with universities to become more innovative: agriculture and food, chemical industry, creative industries, high-tech materials, raw materials, life science and health, logistics, and water. Government, private sector, universities, and research centers work together in the Top Sector Alliance for Knowledge and Innovation (TKI) to make top sectors even stronger. The alliance looks for ways to get innovative products or services to the market.

One purpose of the top sector programs has been to combine academic and industrial research. Previously, large companies engaged in in-house research and did not work much with universities. At universities, there was a bias toward researching what was scientifically interesting but perhaps of limited interest to industry. A further aim has been to reduce the fragmentation of public support