328world’s leading center of knowledge-creation, human capital, financial capital, and entrepreneurial talent. As Fig. 2 highlights, there is a close connection between per-capita GDP and DPE scores: The Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.66, without the oil-rich countries, and countries with higher than Int$65,000 per capita GDP. The third-degree trend line shows even closer connection, as pictured in Fig. 2.
The third-degree adjusted curve in Fig. 2 explains around 90% of the variation between per capita GDP and DPE. Examining a particular country’s position, whether below or above the development-implied trend line, is more appropriate than simply comparing countries at different stages of development. For example, the United States has the highest DPE score, 84.8, and is above the trend line, as are the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Germany, France, Spain, and Italy all have lower DPE scores and are on or below the trend line. Eastern European countries have much lower scores still.
329The Digital Platform Economy and the Entrepreneurial State: A European Dilemma
(continued)
Ranking
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
entrepreneurship
ecosystem index
Digital
84.8
82.4
82.2
78.2
76.6
76.1
74.1
71.1
69.3
68.9
66.0
65.5
65.1
64.3
63.5
62.6
62.5
59.9
58.4
57.0
56.8
56.3
56.1
55.6
53.3
entrepreneurship
technology
ranking
Digital
1
3
4
5
6
2
8
7
9
12
11
18
14
23
13
10
17
21
19
20
24
26
16
15
25
entrepreneurship
technology
Digital
score
92.2
81.3
78.6
77.1
74.3
84.8
63.7
64.3
56.9
66.0
69.5
62.9
54.9
63.1
65.3
65.3
59.5
55.1
56.9
56.6
53.7
53.2
60.9
61.2
53.7
platform
ranking
Digital
multi-
sided
1
3
2
5
4
9
6
7
10
11
14
17
8
23
16
13
15
22
20
28
34
18
12
21
25
platform
Digital
multi-
sided
score
87.4
84.8
86.3
78.8
79.5
69.3
73.5
73.3
69.2
67.1
65.3
60.3
70.3
56.3
60.3
65.6
64.9
57.4
58.7
50.0
44.2
59.5
66.9
58.5
52.5
citizenship
Table 2 The four sub-index scores and ranking of the first 25 countries
ranking
Digital
user
3
1
7
2
8
6
5
11
4
9
17
14
13
10
15
28
18
16
20
19
12
22
29
30
23
citizenship
Digital
score
79.0
83.5
74.3
81.3
74.2
74.6
75.0
68.4
77.3
70.9
63.2
65.5
66.0
70.3
64.9
48.7
59.8
64.0
56.1
57.6
68.2
54.6
48.5
47.7
53.1
user
infrastructure
governance
ranking
Digital
3
4
1
8
5
7
2
6
9
11
15
10
13
14
18
12
16
19
20
17
21
22
31
24
25
infrastructure
governance
Digital
score
80.7
80.1
89.5
75.4
78.3
75.5
84.4
78.2
73.7
71.5
66.0
73.6
69.4
67.6
63.5
70.7
65.8
63.1
62.0
63.7
61.0
57.9
48.2
55.1
54.0
United States
New Zealand
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Switzerland
Hong Kong
Singapore
Kingdom
Denmark
Germany
Australia
Belgium
Country
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Canada
Estonia
Iceland
Austria
Ireland
United
France
Korea
Japan
Spain
Israel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
ranking
DPE
330Z. J. Acs
Ranking
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
entrepreneurship
ecosystem index
Digital
53.2
50.7
48.9
47.0
46.1
45.0
44.3
44.3
43.0
42.8
42.0
40.6
40.5
40.4
38.4
38.3
36.2
35.9
35.0
34.7
34.3
32.9
32.6
32.2
entrepreneurship
technology
ranking
Digital
22
27
31
48
28
32
35
29
30
36
33
38
41
43
39
37
55
34
46
62
45
56
42
49
entrepreneurship
technology
Digital
score
55.1
50.7
43.1
33.6
47.3
42.3
38.3
46.3
45.2
38.0
40.5
37.0
36.6
35.3
36.8
37.8
30.7
38.8
34.8
29.0
35.0
30.7
36.3
32.7
platform
ranking
Digital
multi-
sided
19
27
32
24
31
37
30
36
26
33
35
29
39
40
38
41
48
50
45
46
53
56
42
44
platform
Digital
multi-
sided
score
59.3
50.5
45.8
54.0
46.1
42.7
46.2
43.5
50.5
44.6
44.0
46.8
40.6
38.8
41.3
38.0
32.4
31.7
34.8
33.9
30.7
29.8
37.9
35.4
citizenship
ranking
Digital
user
34
26
21
25
27
31
32
39
48
36
37
40
35
33
38
42
24
44
46
45
41
43
53
59
citizenship
Digital
score
43.3
50.6
54.9
51.3
50.3
45.8
45.5
37.1
33.3
41.9
41.5
36.4
42.3
44.0
38.7
35.9
51.9
35.4
33.6
34.7
36.0
35.7
31.3
27.5
user
infrastructure
governance
ranking
Digital
23
27
26
30
41
29
32
28
35
33
38
37
36
34
44
39
56
42
43
40
47
46
69
50
infrastructure
governance
Digital
score
55.3
51.0
51.6
49.0
40.7
49.2
47.1
50.1
43.1
46.7
42.0
42.3
42.4
43.5
36.7
41.8
29.8
37.7
36.8
41.4
35.3
35.4
24.8
33.2
Table 2 (continued)
United Arab
Costa Rica
Lithuania
Malaysia
Republic
Romania
Emirates
Slovenia
Slovakia
Hungary
Uruguay
Bulgaria
Portugal
Country
Taiwan
Croatia
Cyprus
Turkey
Greece
Poland
Russia
Latvia
Czech
Malta
Qatar
Chile
Italy
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
ranking
DPE
331The Digital Platform Economy and the Entrepreneurial State: A European Dilemma
(continued)
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
31.9
31.2
30.3
29.4
29.2
29.2
28.7
28.4
28.1
28.0
27.9
27.6
27.5
27.2
26.4
26.4
25.1
25.0
24.5
24.4
24.3
24.3
23.9
23.8
23.6
23.5
23.2
21.7
21.5
21.3
21.0
60
53
65
64
40
44
81
50
47
67
58
57
71
61
75
63
52
54
93
66
77
84
68
51
70
78
59
69
97
83
74
29.6
31.2
28.0
28.1
36.6
35.1
20.5
31.8
34.8
27.1
30.2
30.4
24.7
29.2
22.2
28.1
31.5
30.8
17.3
27.3
22.0
19.9
26.1
31.7
25.3
21.4
29.6
25.6
16.6
20.0
22.6
61
43
62
65
54
52
58
64
55
66
74
47
60
49
70
69
73
68
51
71
80
67
89
81
82
83
72
63
79
87
84
28.5
36.4
28.4
26.3
30.3
30.9
29.2
26.7
29.9
26.0
23.7
33.3
28.8
32.2
25.2
25.3
23.7
25.4
31.2
24.8
21.0
25.6
17.1
20.8
20.4
20.2
24.7
27.8
21.3
18.7
20.2
47
57
49
52
62
73
51
63
55
60
56
107
54
64
50
70
75
83
72
74
58
78
61
71
65
67
81
100
85
66
76
33.4
27.9
33.1
31.5
26.9
22.8
31.8
26.6
28.4
27.5
28.3
12.6
28.7
25.3
32.2
23.7
22.5
19.4
22.8
22.8
27.5
21.8
27.1
23.1
24.5
24.3
19.9
13.9
18.7
24.3
22.1
45
58
51
52
72
63
49
60
83
53
57
48
64
76
67
61
73
70
66
74
65
55
68
80
71
62
84
81
59
75
82
35.9
29.5
31.8
31.5
23.1
28.1
33.3
28.6
19.2
31.5
29.5
34.2
27.7
22.1
26.2
28.5
22.7
24.3
26.7
22.5
26.8
30.0
25.3
19.8
24.3
28.2
18.6
19.6
29.4
22.2
19.2
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Herzegovina
Montenegro
Kazakhstan
Bosnia and
Philippines
Macedonia
Azerbaijan
Argentina
Colombia
Mauritius
Indonesia
Moldova
Morocco
Thailand
Armenia
Ecuador
Ukraine
Georgia
Panama
Bahrain
Mexico
Tunisia
Kuwait
Jordan
Serbia
Oman
Brazil
China
India
Peru
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
332Z. J. Acs
Ranking
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
entrepreneurship
ecosystem index
Digital
20.5
20.3
19.7
19.5
19.5
19.4
19.4
18.2
17.6
17.5
17.4
17.3
16.4
15.6
14.7
14.3
14.0
13.7
13.7
13.4
12.5
11.9
11.6
11.5
11.2
entrepreneurship
technology
ranking
Digital
87
79
91
76
73
90
99
72
80
82
86
85
95
98
96
102
92
101
89
104
100
88
110
103
106
entrepreneurship
technology
Digital
score
19.1
21.2
17.5
22.1
23.1
18.4
16.0
23.7
20.8
20.3
19.8
19.9
16.8
16.4
16.7
14.7
17.5
15.2
18.5
14.0
15.6
19.0
12.0
14.1
13.8
platform
ranking
Digital
multi-
sided
78
57
76
59
90
93
92
75
85
86
91
77
88
96
94
97
95
98
99
105
101
104
111
100
102
platform
Digital
multi-
sided
score
21.5
29.8
22.4
28.8
16.9
15.8
16.1
23.3
20.1
19.5
16.6
21.9
17.4
13.3
15.0
9.7
13.3
13.9
12.0
11.0
10.3
7.6
12.0
11.8
10.9
citizenship
ranking
Digital
user
80
86
79
91
88
77
98
90
68
69
89
82
94
87
92
84
108
96
106
93
104
102
99
113
114
citizenship
Digital
score
20.2
18.0
20.7
16.5
17.6
21.9
14.6
16.7
24.1
23.8
17.5
19.9
16.1
17.7
16.4
18.9
12.3
15.0
12.6
16.4
12.9
13.5
14.3
9.7
9.6
user
infrastructure
governance
ranking
Digital
78
91
85
97
79
77
54
100
111
110
86
104
87
88
96
89
90
95
93
92
94
105
102
99
98
infrastructure
governance
Digital
score
21.3
12.3
18.2
10.6
20.4
21.6
30.9
9.1
5.6
6.2
16.0
7.5
15.5
15.0
10.7
13.8
12.8
10.8
11.6
12.2
11.1
7.3
8.0
10.4
10.4
Table 2 (continued)
El Salvador
Bangladesh
Kyrgyzstan
Dominican
Guatemala
Botswana
Sri Lanka
Mongolia
Honduras
Paraguay
Republic
Lebanon
Vietnam
Namibia
Pakistan
Country
Rwanda
Jamaica
Albania
Senegal
Zambia
Nigeria
Algeria
Kenya
Egypt
Nepal
Iran
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
ranking
DPE
333The Digital Platform Economy and the Entrepreneurial State: A European Dilemma
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
11.0
10.8
10.2
10.0
36.2
9.8
9.8
9.6
9.5
7.2
6.8
6.0
Source: Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., Song, A., Komlosi, E., Lafuente, E. (2021b). The Digital Platform Economy Index: 2020, The GEDI Institute, www.thegedi.org
94
113
105
108
109
115
111
112
107
116
114
16.9
10.1
13.8
12.4
12.2
9.5
11.8
10.5
12.9
9.2
9.5
110
107
113
109
103
106
115
108
112
116
114
8.3
9.5
5.8
8.7
10.4
9.5
5.1
9.5
6.4
2.3
5.4
110
95
97
109
111
105
101
103
116
112
115
11.5
15.3
14.8
12.1
11.2
12.9
13.7
13.2
5.1
10.4
8.3
106
101
109
108
112
107
103
114
115
113
116
7.3
8.3
6.4
6.9
5.5
7.2
8.0
5.0
4.4
5.3
0.7
Madagascar
Zimbabwe
Cameroon
Cambodia
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Burundi
Uganda
Malawi
Benin
Mali
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
334Z. J. Acs
United States
United
80
Netherlands
Kingdom
Sweden
70
Germany
France
60
DPE Score
Spain
50
Italy
40
Poland
Greece
30
20
10
y = -5E-13x3 + 4E-08x2 + 0.0005x + 11.316
R² = 0.9034
0
0
5000
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000 65000 70000
Per capita GDP in 2011 Internaonal $
Fig. 2 The connection between the DPE Index and per capita GDP (development). Source: Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., Song, A., Komlosi, E., Lafuente, E. (2021b). The Digital Platform Economy Index: 2020, The GEDI Institute, www.thegedi.org