117Total tax rate w/fees 25.77% 22.00% 13.21% 8.60% 18.54% Note: As of October 2021. Compiled from discussions with academic leaders at these institutions. FAU Florida Atlantic University; UCF University of Central Florida; UF University of Florida; FIU Florida International University

Journal. The AACSB standards almost always exceed university guidelines, for example mandating that a greater share of faculty qualify as “scholarly academic” by holding the highest degree (Ph.D. or in some cases J.D. or Ed.D.) in their respective ﬁelds, and publishing regularly in peer-reviewed journals. The AACSB’s other categories are “practice academic,” “scholarly practitioner,” “instructional practitioner,” and “additional faculty.” Given the high number of rankings and the considerable attention directed at them, business schools must be most concerned with key ranking criteria such as graduates’ employment, salaries, value for money, and aims achieved, as well as demographic considerations such as the ethnic, gender, and international diversity of the students and faculty.

Business schools also face serious regulatory pressure internally from their university, often in the form of internal taxes to central administration. For most universities, the business school is typically one of the most proﬁtable business entities on campus. Leaders in well-run business schools can create and run marketrate programs for executive education and graduate education that generate substantial proﬁt margins. Table 2 depicts the varying tax rates for the market-rate graduate programs at several business schools within Florida’s state university system, from 8.6% to over 25%. The tax revenues are then deployed by the central university administration to fund underperforming or startup programs but can risk underfunding the high-performing program, particularly in competitive markets such as business education.

3 Reclaiming the Entrepreneurial University: Leading

Anti-Bureaucracy Policies and Practices across Levels

in Higher Education

There are many promising practices that reduce bureaucracies and reclaim entrepreneurial activities in the higher education system. This section provides examples at federal, state, university, school, business unit, staff, and scholar levels, which may inspire anti-bureaucracy, pro-innovation practices at other institutions.

118S. Terjesen

Federal Level

In the United States, the Department of Education consistently tracks a variety of higher education indicators through the Institute of Education Sciences (IES). One particularly useful website for aspiring college students and their families is the College Affordability and Transparency Center (CATC) (2021), which provides a suite of tools including a College Navigator, College Scorecard, Net Price Calculator, and College Financing Plans. These resources provide instant comparisons across universities for tuition/fees, ﬁnancial aid, net price, enrollment, admissions, retention and graduation rates, outcome measures, programs/majors, service members/veterans, accreditation, campus security and safety, cohort default rates, and varsity athletics. Figure 2 provides just one illustration of the many CATC tools: the highest costs for net tuition from four-year private and public not-for-proﬁt institutions. The net price captures the tuition and required fees less grant and scholarship aid.

Private Not-for-Profit Higher Education Institutes in the United States (four years+)

Students

Institution

City

State

Net Price

Receiving

Grant Aid

California Institute of the Arts

Valencia

$54,594

94%

Landmark College

Putney

$54,548

100%

Ringling College of Art and Design

Sarasota

$52,384

95%

The New School

New York

$50,377

91%

School of the Art Institute of Chicago

Chicago

$50,167

91%

Jewish Theological Seminary of America

New York

$50,088

81%

Art Center College of Design

Pasadena

$47,352

51%

San Francisco Art Institute

San Francisco

$47,315

92%

Loyola Marymount University

Los Angeles

$47,292

90%

New York School of Interior Design

New York

$47,112

38%

The New England Conservatory of Music

Boston

$46,620

94%

Emerson College

Boston

$46,381

76%

U.S. National Average

$22 458

Public Not-for-Profit Higher Education Institutes in the United States (four years+)

Students

Institution

City

State

Net Price

Receiving

Grant Aid

University of South Carolina-Columbia

Columbia

$21,787

91%

University of Mary Washington

Fredericksburg

$21,640

89%

Millersville University of Pennsylvania

Millersville

$21,505

61%

Clemson University

Clemson

$21,482

88%

California Polytechnic State University-San Luis

Obispo

San Luis Obispo

$21,232

51%

The University of Tennessee-Knoxville

Knoxville

$21,024

84%

St. Mary's College of Maryland

St. Mary's City

$20,996

93%

Virginia Commonwealth University

Richmond

$20,968

68%

Indiana University of Pennsylvania-Main Campus

Indiana

$20,944

70%

Georgia College & State University

Milledgeville

$20,823

94%

Maine Maritime Academy

Castine

$20,728

67%

$12,467

U.S. National Average

Fig. 2 College cost affordability tool: highest net tuition four-year private and public not-for-proﬁt. Source: https://collegecost.ed.gov/affordability (data accessed September 14, 2021)