341In the digital age (Sachs, 2020) with the emergence of autonomous networks, the balance between state and market has shifted as networks have replaced hierarchies. The key research question for the twenty-ﬁrst century concerns the governance structure of the digital age. This calls for the invention of more effective ways to govern an interdependent world. Future research should study the governance structure of the digital platform-based ecosystem with its billions of users and millions of entrepreneurs.

Acknowledgments This chapter grew out of a larger research project on systems of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems over the past decade at Imperial College and the London School of Economics. The project built on earlier work on National Systems of Entrepreneurship and The Global Entrepreneurship Index at the University of Pecs and George Mason University. The complete database and methodology are available from the authors upon request. I would like to thank Laszlo Szerb and two anonymous referees for helpful comments.

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342Collaborative Innovation Blocs

and Mission-Oriented Innovation Policy:

An Ecosystem Perspective

Niklas Elert and Magnus Henrekson

Abstract Among contemporary economists, Mariana Mazzucato stands out for her emphasis on the importance of innovation to solving pressing challenges and achieve a greater quality of life. However, the type of mission-oriented innovation policies she promotes usually rely on an overly mechanical view of innovation and economic growth. We employ an ecosystem perspective to demonstrate that innovative entrepreneurship takes place in a collaborative innovation bloc consisting of a